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Wild parsnip, Pastinaca sativa L. (A) Seedling, (B) taproot, and (C) top of flowering stem. (a) Stems hollow except at the node, leaves alternate (one per node), pinnately compound with (b) two–five pairs of opposite, sharply toothed, and relatively broad, mitten-shaped leaflets and (c) a diamond-shaped leaflet at the tip; (d) leafstalks broad and completely encircling stem; uppermost leaves reduced to (e) narrow bracts with flowering branches in their axils. Drawings reprinted with permission from the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (Alex 1992).
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Although many of us fondly associate parsnips with a rustic, home-cooked meal, there is also a wild variety that is increasingly causing problems as a weed in North America. The cultivated variety is a subspecies of Pastinaca sativa (Pastinaca sativa ssp. sativa) and contains lower amounts of the problematic furanocoumarins than the wild version. W...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... Figure 1). The plant is most often a biennial, but can behave as a monocarpic perennial (Baskin and Baskin 1979; Gleason and Cronquist 1991), thus dying after the production of flowers and seeds (Kline 1986). The roots can grow to a 1.5-m depth (Gleason and Cronquist 1991), and are funnel-shaped, white, aromatic, mucilaginous, sweet, and slightly acrimonius. The root has been a widely utilized esculent since early times (Hedrick 1919). Wild parsnip does not reproduce vegetatively (Hendrix and Trapp 1992). Rosettes grow near the soil surface and bear alternate, pinnately compound leaves, approximately 15 cm in length (Lorenzi and Jeffrey 1987). The plant requires 2 or more years to mature, at which time plants bolt, form a grooved aerial shoot and flower (Baskin and Baskin 1979). Lower leaves have longer petioles than the upper leaves, which are sometimes sessile. Each leaf has 5–15 oblong to ovate leaflets, which are 5–10 cm long and serrate or lobed (Gleason and Cronquist 1991). Inflorescences are large, compound, determinate umbels, approximately 10–20 cm wide. Petals are yellow, usually with no bracts or bractlets, and sepals are minute or lacking. Flowers have 15–25 rays of unequal length and an appendicular axial structure termed the carpophore. Fruits are schizocarpic, glabrous, elliptic to obovate, strongly flattened dorsally (Gleason and Cronquist 1991), low-ribbed (Lorenzi and Jeffrey 1987), and 5–7 mm in length (Gleason and Cronquist 1991; Lorenzi and Jeffrey 1987). The fruits contain two mericarps, each with one seed (Hendrix et al. 1991) and consisting largely of tissues of an inferior ovary (Jackson 1933). Fruits are considered tonic and are said to be both carminatives, which aid in digestion, and emmenago- gues, which induce menstrual flow (French 1971). The ploidy level of wild parsnip is 2 n 5 22 (Gleason and Cronquist 1991). Wild parsnip is andromonoecious, with individual plants bearing both male and hermaphroditic flowers. The hermaphroditic flowers are protandrous, going through a staminate, then a pistillate stage (Nitao and Zangerl 1987), with little or no overlap between the stages (temporal dioecism), either within or between umbels, thus preventing cross pollinations between flowers of the same plant (Cruden and Hermann-Parker 1977). Many species in the Apiaceae, including wild parsnip, can cause phytophotodermatitis (PPD) in humans if skin is exposed to the light-sensitizing sap of the species and ultraviolet (UV-A 320–380 nm) radiation. The reaction consists of a burning erythema beginning approximately 24 h after exposure, which may later blister. The inflamma- tory reaction may be mild enough to go undetected, but can also cause severe postinflammatory hyperpigmentation lasting weeks to months. Furanocoumarins (furocoumarins) are the photosensitizing chemical compounds found in the sap of wild parsnip and cause the phototoxic reaction (Berenbaum 1995). The sap of the plant is most irritating when the plant is in flower (Kennay and Fell 1990). Many members of the Apiaceae, including other weedy species, such as wild carrot ( Daucus carota L.), poison hemlock ( Conium maculatum L.), spotted water hemlock ( Cicuta maculata L.), and giant hogweed ( Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier and Levier) share similar characteristics with wild parsnip. Distinguishing features of wild parsnip, however, include its yellow flowers, pinnately compound stem leaves that are divided into at least five coarsely-lobed leaflets, and its distinctive parsnip odor (Alex 1992; Kennay and Fell 1990) (Figure 1). Several features help distinguish between species in the genus Pastinaca (Table 1). Leaves that are simple and glabrous on both sides, characteristics only of P. lucida , differentiate it from the other Pastinaca species, which have pinnate leaves that are hairy on both sides. Other distinguishing characteristics include leaf shape and the degree to which they are pinnatifid, the presence or absence of bracts and bracteoles, petal color and hairiness, the number and length of rays, and the presence or absence of brown veins. P. sativa has once pinnate leaves that are hairy on both sides, lacks bracts and bracteoles, has yellow, glabrous or subglabrous petals, equal or subequal rays, and brown veins. Furthermore, P. sativa ssp. sativa can be differentiated from other subspecies by close examination of the stem and the presence of hairs on leaves (Table 2). Wild parsnip is widely distributed in Europe and temperate Asia, where it originated. It is found in many countries including Belgium, France, Georgia, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom, as well as Australia, Canada, and the United States (USDA ARS 2006). Wild parsnip is also widely naturalized in China and Japan (Hiroe 1958), New Zealand (USDA ARS 2006), and southern Africa and southern South America (USDA ARS 2006). In North America, wild parsnip is predominantly found in eastern regions, but it is widely naturalized across the United States. The species is distributed within 45 of the 50 United States (excluding Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, and Mississippi). It is considered a noxious weed in Ohio (USDA NRCS 2006) and invasive in Kentucky, Nebraska, Tennessee, and Wisconsin (Haragan 1991; Hoffman and Kearns 1997; Stubbendieck et al. 1994). Wild parsnip is present in all of the Canadian provinces except the Northwest Territories and Nunavut (Darbyshire 2003). It is considered noxious in parts of Ontario (S. J. Darbyshire, personal communication), and is abundant in Quebec (Mulligan 1987). Cultivated parsnip ( Pastinaca sativa L. ssp. sativa ) is now grown worldwide (Schery 1972). Wild parsnip is commonly found in waste areas, old fields, and along roadsides and railroad embankments. It grows best in rich, alkaline, moist soils, but can survive under poor soil conditions (Alex 1992; Fernald 1950; Gleason and Cronquist 1991; Schery 1972). Under summer drought conditions of Oxfordshire, U.K., Sternberg et al. (1999) found that the growth of wild parsnip plants in an old field increased and ...
Context 2
... Figure 1). The plant is most often a biennial, but can behave as a monocarpic perennial (Baskin and Baskin 1979; Gleason and Cronquist 1991), thus dying after the production of flowers and seeds (Kline 1986). The roots can grow to a 1.5-m depth (Gleason and Cronquist 1991), and are funnel-shaped, white, aromatic, mucilaginous, sweet, and slightly acrimonius. The root has been a widely utilized esculent since early times (Hedrick 1919). Wild parsnip does not reproduce vegetatively (Hendrix and Trapp 1992). Rosettes grow near the soil surface and bear alternate, pinnately compound leaves, approximately 15 cm in length (Lorenzi and Jeffrey 1987). The plant requires 2 or more years to mature, at which time plants bolt, form a grooved aerial shoot and flower (Baskin and Baskin 1979). Lower leaves have longer petioles than the upper leaves, which are sometimes sessile. Each leaf has 5–15 oblong to ovate leaflets, which are 5–10 cm long and serrate or lobed (Gleason and Cronquist 1991). Inflorescences are large, compound, determinate umbels, approximately 10–20 cm wide. Petals are yellow, usually with no bracts or bractlets, and sepals are minute or lacking. Flowers have 15–25 rays of unequal length and an appendicular axial structure termed the carpophore. Fruits are schizocarpic, glabrous, elliptic to obovate, strongly flattened dorsally (Gleason and Cronquist 1991), low-ribbed (Lorenzi and Jeffrey 1987), and 5–7 mm in length (Gleason and Cronquist 1991; Lorenzi and Jeffrey 1987). The fruits contain two mericarps, each with one seed (Hendrix et al. 1991) and consisting largely of tissues of an inferior ovary (Jackson 1933). Fruits are considered tonic and are said to be both carminatives, which aid in digestion, and emmenago- gues, which induce menstrual flow (French 1971). The ploidy level of wild parsnip is 2 n 5 22 (Gleason and Cronquist 1991). Wild parsnip is andromonoecious, with individual plants bearing both male and hermaphroditic flowers. The hermaphroditic flowers are protandrous, going through a staminate, then a pistillate stage (Nitao and Zangerl 1987), with little or no overlap between the stages (temporal dioecism), either within or between umbels, thus preventing cross pollinations between flowers of the same plant (Cruden and Hermann-Parker 1977). Many species in the Apiaceae, including wild parsnip, can cause phytophotodermatitis (PPD) in humans if skin is exposed to the light-sensitizing sap of the species and ultraviolet (UV-A 320–380 nm) radiation. The reaction consists of a burning erythema beginning approximately 24 h after exposure, which may later blister. The inflamma- tory reaction may be mild enough to go undetected, but can also cause severe postinflammatory hyperpigmentation lasting weeks to months. Furanocoumarins (furocoumarins) are the photosensitizing chemical compounds found in the sap of wild parsnip and cause the phototoxic reaction (Berenbaum 1995). The sap of the plant is most irritating when the plant is in flower (Kennay and Fell 1990). Many members of the Apiaceae, including other weedy species, such as wild carrot ( Daucus carota L.), poison hemlock ( Conium maculatum L.), spotted water hemlock ( Cicuta maculata L.), and giant hogweed ( Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier and Levier) share similar characteristics with wild parsnip. Distinguishing features of wild parsnip, however, include its yellow flowers, pinnately compound stem leaves that are divided into at least five coarsely-lobed leaflets, and its distinctive parsnip odor (Alex 1992; Kennay and Fell 1990) (Figure 1). Several features help distinguish between species in the genus Pastinaca (Table 1). Leaves that are simple and glabrous on both sides, characteristics only of P. lucida , differentiate it from the other Pastinaca species, which have pinnate leaves that are hairy on both sides. Other distinguishing characteristics include leaf shape and the degree to which they are pinnatifid, the presence or absence of bracts and bracteoles, petal color and hairiness, the number and length of rays, and the presence or absence of brown veins. P. sativa has once pinnate leaves that are hairy on both sides, lacks bracts and bracteoles, has yellow, glabrous or subglabrous petals, equal or subequal rays, and brown veins. Furthermore, P. sativa ssp. sativa can be differentiated from other subspecies by close examination of the stem and the presence of hairs on leaves (Table 2). Wild parsnip is widely distributed in Europe and temperate Asia, where it originated. It is found in many countries including Belgium, France, Georgia, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom, as well as Australia, Canada, and the United States (USDA ARS 2006). Wild parsnip is also widely naturalized in China and Japan (Hiroe 1958), New Zealand (USDA ARS 2006), and southern Africa and southern South America (USDA ARS 2006). In North America, wild parsnip is predominantly found in eastern regions, but it is widely naturalized across the United States. The species is distributed within 45 of the 50 United States (excluding Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, and Mississippi). It is considered a noxious weed in Ohio (USDA NRCS 2006) and invasive in Kentucky, Nebraska, Tennessee, and Wisconsin (Haragan 1991; Hoffman and Kearns 1997; Stubbendieck et al. 1994). Wild parsnip is present in all of the Canadian provinces except the Northwest Territories and Nunavut (Darbyshire 2003). It is considered noxious in parts of Ontario (S. J. Darbyshire, personal communication), and is abundant in Quebec (Mulligan 1987). Cultivated parsnip ( Pastinaca sativa L. ssp. sativa ) is now grown worldwide (Schery 1972). Wild parsnip is commonly found in waste areas, old fields, and along roadsides and railroad embankments. It grows best in rich, alkaline, moist soils, but can survive under poor soil conditions (Alex 1992; Fernald 1950; Gleason and Cronquist 1991; Schery 1972). Under summer drought conditions of Oxfordshire, U.K., Sternberg et al. (1999) found that the growth of wild parsnip plants in an old field increased and ...
Citations
This datasheet on Pastinaca sativa covers Identity, Overview, Associated Diseases, Pests or Pathogens, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Management, Genetics and Breeding, Further Information.
Depressaria depressana, the purple carrot seed moth, is a Eurasian species first reported in North America in 2008 and currently undergoing range expansion. This invasion follows that of its Eurasion congener Depressaria radiella (parsnip webworm), first documented in North America 160 years ago. Unlike D. depressana, which utilizes hostplants across multiple tribes of Apiaceae, Depressaria radiella is a “superspecialist” effectively restricted in its native and non-indigenous ranges to two closely related apiaceous genera. We investigated the genetic structure of D. depressana populations across latitudinal and longitudinal gradients in the eastern United States by constructing COI haplotype networks and then comparing these with haplotype networks constructed from available COI sequence data from contemporary European D. depressana populations and from European and North American D. radiella populations. Haplotype data revealed higher genetic diversity in D. depressana, indicating high dispersal capacity, multiple introductions, and/or a genetically diverse founding population. Museum and literature records of D. radiella date back to 1862 and indicate that range expansion to the West Coast required more than 50 years. Higher levels of genetic diversity observed in D. depressana compared to its congener may indicate a greater propensity for dispersal, colonization and establishment in its non-indigenous range.
Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) is a monocarpic perennial typically grown as a biennial crop. A member of the Apiaceae family, it can be found throughout northern temperate regions and is grown for both human consumption and livestock feed. Today, parsnip maintains a niche position within the vegetable market, with demand growing year on year. Described as a sweet and starchy root crop, it contains a number of health-promoting compounds such as carbohydrate, sugar and fiber as well as essential vitamins and minerals including calcium, potassium, vitamin C, thiamine and riboflavin etc. In addition to these beneficial compounds, parsnip leaves also contain furanocoumarins; these secondary plant metabolites not only play a role in predator and disease defense but are also highly toxic. The cause of phytophotodermatitis, these compounds can bind with DNA and absorb energy in the presence of UVA light. It is for this reason parsnip foliage and wild parsnips are often considered invasive noxious weeds. Parsnips are propagated by seed, typically in spring, with root harvest occurring from 5 months after sowing. Although cultivated and wild parsnip are not considered genetically distinct, modern agriculture practices have led to a dependence on a small selection of domesticated species. With increasing challenges from pests and disease as well as changing habitats and global warming, there is a need to develop new parsnip varieties. In this chapter, we present an overview of the origin, distribution, economic importance, taxonomic position, crop cultivation practices and challenges as well as recent developments in molecular breeding and biotechnology and how these new technologies can be used to develop improved, sustainable parsnip varieties.
Classical models of tree architecture are based on the development of aboveground stem branching in an ideal tree from early ontogeny to the first flowering. Such attempts hinder the usage of architectural traits for understanding plant ecology, especially for herbs. In this article, the author discusses belowground plant architecture, especially the root system, and its contribution to whole plant architecture during ontogeny and after damage.
Objectives:
Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), is a plant with nutritional and medicinal properties which has been used in all over the world and study about it is rare. In Persian Medicine parsnip is named as zardak and has many uses such as laxative, libido enhancer, kidney stone crusher and diuretic. Because the wide traditional usage of parsnip, in this review the composition and pharmacological properties of this plant are discussed.
Methods:
Some data base such as Cochrane, Scopus, PubMed were searched up to 2018 for studies about Pastinaca sativa. In this review study after consider to exclusion criteria, all of the English review and clinical trial were included.
Results:
Finally, 46 articles were selected for extraction data about the parsnip. Data extraction based on these studies the most important active ingredients of parsnip include coumarins, furanocoumarins, polyacetylenes, essential oils and flavonoids. Different studies determined that Pastinaca sativa has pharmacological effects in CNS, respiratory, gastrointestinal, liver, skin, cardiovascular and urogenital diseases.
Conclusion:
The most important active ingredients in Pastinaca sativa are furanocoumarins, flavonoids and polyacetylenes, and it has many pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, vasodilator, antifungal, antimicrobial and antidepressant. A main mentioned side effect of parsnip is phototoxicity that was usually reported in direct skin contact. However, family and Some properties and compounds of Pastinaca sativa and Daucus carota are similar but carrots are very popular nowadays. Due to abundant active components and few clinical studies of parsnip, more Studies are recommended to evaluate the effects of it.
In the last decade, there has been growing interest in the food industry in replacing synthetic chemicals with natural products with bioactive properties. This study's aims were to determine the chemical composition and the antioxidant properties of the essential oil of Pastianica sylvestris. The essential oil was isolated with a yield of 0.41% (w/v) by steam distillation from the dried seeds and subsequently analysed by GC-MS. Octyl acetate (78.49%) and octyl hexanoate (6.68%) were the main components. The essential oil exhibited an excellent activity for the inhibition of primary and secondary oxidation products for cold-pressed sunflower oil comparable with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), which were evaluated using peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was additionally validated using DPPH radical scavenging (0.0016 ± 0.0885 mg/mL), and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assays. Also, the amounts of total phenol components (0.0053 ± 0.0023 mg GAE/g) were determined.
Wild parsnip is an invasive species with a global distribution in temperate climates. Parsnips are native to Eurasia and have been cultivated for more than five centuries. It is unclear whether the global invasion of this species is a consequence of escape from cultivation or the accidental introduction of a Eurasian wild subspecies. In this study, we used nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) markers to evaluate the genetic structure of wild parsnip in its native range (Europe) and in three distinct geographic regions where it is considered invasive: eastern North America, western North America, and New Zealand. We also compared wild and cultivated parsnips to determine whether they are genetically distinct. From 112 individuals, we recovered 14 ITS and 27 cpDNA haplotypes. One ITS haplotype was widespread; few haplotypes were rare singletons. In contrast, at least two lineages of cpDNA haplotypes were recovered, with several novel haplotypes restricted to Europe. Cultivated parsnips were not genetically distinct from wild parsnips, and numerous wild parsnip populations shared haplotypes with cultivars. High genetic diversity was recovered in all three regions, suggesting multiple introductions.
European settlement as an important root-crop. It subsequently escaped cultivation and naturalized as a less palatable ''wild'' form. Cultivation of parsnip has diminished in Canada to the point where it is now only a minor crop, but the wild form has increased as a troublesome weed, particularly in eastern regions. Wild parsnip is most prevalent in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, but occurs across the continent except in the far north and extreme southeast. As a monocarpic biennial with a large tap root, it reproduces entirely by seed. A wide variety of habitats and soil types are tolerated. It is considered a noxious weed because of its toxic properties (primarily photo-activated dermatitis) to both humans and livestock. It invades disturbed sites, rights-of-way, pastures, perennial crops, and reduced-tillage fields where it effectively out-competes shorter vegetation. In arable fields, wild parsnip is normally controlled by tillage. Manual removal, cutting, and mowing can be effective in reducing seed production, but direct contact with plants or sap is hazardous. Various herbicides have been reported to be useful in the control of wild parsnip (e.g., glyphosate, 2,4-D, triclopyr, etc.), but little quantitative information is available on application rates and levels of control.
