US20030121885A1

US20030121885A1 - Ionizing radiation detector

Info

Publication number: US20030121885A1
Application number: US10/325,995
Authority: US
Inventors: Gomez Wright; Ralph James; Arnold Burger; Douglas Chinn
Original assignee: Wright Gomez W.; James Ralph B.; Arnold Burger; Chinn Douglas A.
Current assignee: National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia LLC; Brookhaven Science Associates LLC
Priority date: 1998-07-16
Filing date: 2002-12-19
Publication date: 2003-07-03
Anticipated expiration: 2018-07-16
Also published as: US6649915B2; US7001849B2; US20030148551A1

Abstract

A method for treatment of the surface of a CdZnTe (CZT) crystal that provides a native dielectric coating to reduce surface leakage currents and thereby, improve the resolution of instruments incorporating detectors using CZT crystals. A two step process is disclosed, etching the surface of a CZT crystal with a solution of the conventional bromine/methanol etch treatment, and after attachment of electrical contacts, passivating the CZT crystal surface with a solution of 10 w/0 NH₄F and 10 w/o H₂O₂in water.

Description

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST

[0001] This invention was made with Government support under contract no. DE-AC04-94AL85000 awarded by the U. S. Department of Energy to Sandia Corporation. The Government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

This invention pertains generally to methods for improving the performance of detectors for gamma-ray and x-ray spectrometers and imaging systems. More particularly, this invention pertains to a method for treating the surface of CdZnTe detector crystals to reduce leakage currents and increase spectral resolution.

Many of the commonly used radiation detectors employ Si(Li) or Ge semiconductor materials and thus operate most effectively at cryogenic temperatures and under very clean vacuum conditions. The need to operate Si(Li) or Ge-based detectors under these rigorous conditions poses significant limitations on their use for applications where portability is desired.

The general requirements for room temperature operation of semiconducting materials as detectors for spectrometer applications are numerous and in some case contradictory. In particular, in this important that the chosen material exhibit a relatively large band gap energy such that thermal generation of charge carriers is minimized. Conversely, however, a small band gap energy is necessary such that a large number of electron-hole pairs is created for each absorbed quantum of ionizing radiation in order to maximize detector resolution. In addition, the material under consideration should have a relatively high average atomic number when used in gamma ray spectroscopy to increase the gamma ray interaction probability. Lastly, a high charge carrier mobility and long charge carrier lifetime are needed to ensure efficient charge carrier extraction and minimal effects from position dependent charge collection.

CdZnTe (CZT), and particularly Cd _1−xZn_xTe (where x is less than or equal 0.5), is a wide bandgap ternary II-VI compound semiconductor that, because of its unique electronic properties, is desirable for use in room temperature gamma-ray and x-ray radiation detection, spectroscopy, and medical imaging applications. However, the performance of gamma-ray and x-ray spectrometers which employ CZT detector crystals is often limited by surface leakage currents which act as a source of noise that reduces the ability of these spectrometers to spectrally resolve the unique radiological emissions from a wide variety of radioactive isotopes. Thus, in order to improve the spectral resolution capability of devices based on CZT crystals it is desirable to decrease surface leakage currents and the attendant detrimental noise effects.

It is known, in the art, that for a semiconductor crystal to function effectively as a good detector material (i.e., minimizing surface leakage currents, thereby maximizing energy resolution) the crystal surfaces must be properly “treated.” Generally speaking, this means chemically etching of the surfaces to eliminate undesirable surface features. Currently, the generally accepted method for surface treatment of CZT crystals is to chemically etch the crystal surfaces in a solution of liquid bromine dissolved in methanol in order to provide a planar surface prior to attachment of electrical contacts. These solutions, or “etchants,” are used because they reliably produce surfaces on CZT crystals that are substantially planar and that have a low surface leakage current.

Applicant have also shown that it is possible to markedly reduce leakage current, and therefore noise discrimination, in these crystals by incorporating a passivating layer on the surfaces of the crystal. Such a system is described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/118,691 wherein a silicon nitride layer is sputtered onto a CZT crystal surface as such a passivating layer.

However, there is a need to reduce the surface leakage current in CZT crystals still further in order to improve spectral resolution. What is required is a method for surface treatment of CZT crystal that will eliminate or reduce surface leakage currents to a level that is presently unattainable using prior art methods.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

CdZnTe (CZT) crystals, particularly Cd _1−xZn_xTe (where x is less or equal 0.5) crystals and preferably Cd_0.9Zn_0.1Te crystals, are useful for fabrication of small, portable, room temperature radiation detectors. In a first embodiment of the present invention a method is taught for treating a surface or surfaces of CZT crystals that provides a coating on the crystal surface which will reduce surface leakage currents to a previously unattainable level and thereby provide for improved energy resolution in instruments incorporating CZT crystals processed by this invention. A two step process is disclosed, wherein the surface of a CZT crystal is etched the traditional bromine/methanol etch treatment (5 volume percent (v/o) bromine in methanol solution), and after attachment of electrical contacts the surface of the CZT crystal is passivated, preferably by treatment with a aqueous solution of ammonium fluoride and hydrogen peroxide.

A second embodiment of the present invention provides for a surface treatment of CZT crystals that reduces surface leakage currents and simultaneously provides a hard-coat over-layer which prevents performance decay over time due to exposure to moisture and other gases in the working environment, thereby providing for improved energy resolution and reliability. This second embodiment includes the process of the first embodiment followed with an encapsulation technique comprising a low-temperature sputter-deposited silicon nitride overlayer or the application of a polymer seal layer known as HumiSeal® (HumiSeal® is a registered trademark of the Chase Corporation, Woodside, N.Y.).

It is an object of this invention therefore to provide a method for producing a passivating dielectric layer on the surface of a CZT crystal.

It is another object of this invention to provide a method for producing a thick, dense, coherent dielectric layer on the surface of a CZT crystal.

Yet another object of this invention is to provide an enhanced oxidizing solution treatment for producing a thick, dense, coherent dielectric layer on the surface of a CZT crystal.

Still another object of this invention is to provide a method for passivating a CZT crystal surface by immersing said surface in an oxidizing solution comprising hydrogen peroxide and ammonium fluoride in water.

Yet another object of this invention is to provide a method for passivating a CZT crystal surface by immersing said surface in an oxidizing solution comprising 10 w/o hydrogen peroxide and 10 w/o ammonium fluoride in water.

Another object of this invention is to provide a method for reducing surface current leakage in CZT crystals by factor of about 5 below that achievable by conventional wet chemical methods.

Yet another object of this invention is to provide a CZT detector incorporating a CZT crystal having a thick, dense, coherent native oxide dielectric layer covering all exposed surfaces

Yet another object of this invention is to provide a CZT crystal having a dense, coherent oxide coating that consists essentially of cadmium oxide.

Another object of this invention is to provide a CZT crystal having an oxide coating which at least greater than about 250 Å.

Still another object of this invention is to provide a high resistivity CZT crystal having a surface current leakage below about 0.01 nA.

A further object of this invention is the application of moisture barrier over the passivating layer such as either a low-temperature sputter-deposited overlayer or a moisture impermeable polymer layer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows current/voltage curves for CZT crystals etched and passivated using the conventional prior art method of bromine/methanol etching followed by hydrogen peroxide passivation. [0022]
FIG. 2A shows current/voltage curves for high resistivity CZT crystals etched and passivated using the NH[0023] ₄F/H₂O₂surface treatment method of the instant invention.
FIG. 2A shows a magnified portion of FIG. 2A. [0024]
FIG. 3A shows current/voltage curves for low resistivity CZT crystals etched and passivated using the NH[0025] ₄F/H₂O₂surface treatment method of the instant invention.
FIG. 3B shows a magnified portion of FIG. 3A. [0026]
FIG. 4 shows a conventional method for attaching electrode contacts to CZT crystals followed by a prior art method for sealing/passivating the exposed crystal surfaces to reduce surface current leakage. [0027]
FIG. 5A illustrates a photolithographic method for forming an electrode on a CZT crystal surface followed by forming a passivating layer on the exposed crystal surfaces by using the method of the instant invention. [0028]
FIG. 5B shows a new method for attaching electrode contacts to CZT crystals comprising forming an patterned oxide layer on a surface of a CZT crystal before forming the electrode followed by forming second pattern between the oxide pattern into which the electrode is deposited. [0029]
FIG. 6 shows a photolithographic method for forming an electrode on a CZT crystal surface where the entire crystal is first passivated by the method of the instant invention and where a pattern is subsequently etched through the oxide layer to expose a portion of the crystal surface onto which an electrode contact is deposited. [0030]
FIG. 7 illustrates a simplified view of a magnetron sputtering system.[0031]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a novel and nonobvious method for preparing a CZT crystal having a low value of leakage current which is unattainable with present surface treatment methods. The new process disclosed herein comprises etching the surface of a CZT crystal, particularly a Cd[0032] _1−xZn_xTe (where x is less or equal 0.5) crystal, and preferably a Cd_0.9Zn_0.1Te crystal, with a conventional solution of a 5 v/o bromine/methanol etch, applying electrical contacts, and finally passivating the surface of the etched CZT crystal, preferably with a aqueous solution of an ammonium salt such as ammonium fluoride and hydrogen peroxide although, other halide ammonium salts, include NH₄F, NH₄Cl, NH₄Br, NH₄I, are also believed to be effective.
It is believed that surface leakage currents are dominated by two effects: 1) the multiplicity of grain boundaries in polycrystalline CZT at which electrically active tellurium precipitates, and 2) the presence of a thin layer of non-stoichiometric material on the etched crystal surface which has an electrical resistivity much lower than the underlying bulk crystal material, the latter arising from the damage done in cutting and polishing the crystal. [0033]
Unfortunately, chemical etchants do not act uniformly on all the individual constituents of alloys such as CZT, and generally leave behind regions of non-stoichiometric material. In the case of CZT crystals etched in the conventional 5 v/o bromine/methanol solution, this non-stoichiometric material is believed to be a tellurium-rich surface layer having a conductivity that is substantially greater than the underlying stoichiometric CZT material. Since leakage current is proportional to electrical conductivity, it is desirable to remove this non-stoichiometric material from the crystal surface. [0034]
The surface of a CZT crystal could be improved, therefore, by one or a combination of the following three processes: 1) selectively removing the electrically active species at the crystal surface, typically by an etching process; 2) chemically converting the active species to a molecular compound having dielectric properties; and 3) increasing the reaction rates of 2) such that the quantity of reaction product produced is enough to consume the surface layer damaged by cutting/polishing and the non-stoichiometric layer produced by etching. [0035]
The present state of the art teaches forming an oxide layer on the surface of the CZT material. Oxides are known to be insulating materials with normal wide band gaps, high dielectric constant, high resistivity. Furthermore, oxides exhibit chemical stability in most non-acidic aqueous environments. Oxides have been grown from the native surface of CZT by various methods. Some of those methods include: 1)wet chemical production of reaction products at the CZT surface; 2) introduction of the CZT surface to an oxygen plasma; and, 3) bombardment of the CZT surface with oxygen anions. [0036]
However, it has been found that the long-term stability of these oxides degrades with time. This may be due in part by the relatively thin layer produced by these methods. For example, the wet chemical oxidizing process utilizing H[0037] ₂O₂provides an oxide layer ranging in thickness from only about 20 Å to 40 Å. It is believed that if the “as-grown” native dielectric is not thick enough it will not consume enough of the CZT surface to etch that surface. Thin oxide/dielectric films, therefore, primarily passivate through a process of changing electrically active defects on the surface of a semiconductor crystal to molecular species having favorable electrical characteristics. However, this process inherently results in a native oxide that is not uniformly distributed spatially which means that the density of the oxide film produced by the process is reduced, giving rise to a higher diffusion coefficient for reactive species through the layer. The higher diffusion coefficient of the dielectric layer means that reactive species, especially molecular oxygen and water vapor, can quickly diffuse through the layer giving rise to a continuous and on-going reaction at the interface of the dielectric layer and CZT. This diffusion-feed reaction through the dielectric layer creates instability in the oxide/dielectric layer interface with time and/or applied bias ultimately leading to a degradation of device performance. More importantly, the density of interface states, i.e., positive and/or negative charges trapped at the interface, arising as the result of structural or oxidation induced defects, or due to the presence of metal impurities, will be non-uniformly distributed allowing for the dielectric strength of the oxide/dielectric layer to be compromised.
The present invention solves these two problems by a new process which includes etching the surface of a CZT crystal with a conventional Br[0038] ₂/methanol etchant to remove features having a high radius of curvature, followed immediately by applying electrical contacts to the surface of the CZT crystal, (particularly electroless gold and preferably gold electrodes deposited by thermally evaporation or sputtering process), and subsequently forming an oxide layer on the surface of the CZT crystal having the electrical contacts. The final step of forming the oxide layer is performed preferably by immersing the CZT crystal surface in a ammonium fluoride/hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution (10 weight percent (w/o) NH₄F and 10 weight percent (w/o) H₂O₂in water) for about ten (10) minutes. The density, thickness, mechanical stability, and adherence properties of the NH₄F/H₂O₂derived oxide layer has been found to be far superior to the amorphous oxides formed by other methods.
It is believed that the hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the ammonium fluoride forming thereby hyponitrous acid (H[0039] ₂N₂O₂), fluorine gas (F₂), and di-fluorine oxide gas (F₂O). It is also believed that not all of -the ammonium fluoride is oxidized. This then leaves some remaining as free ammonium (NH₄) and fluoride (F⁻) ions in solution which are thought to aid in the formation of fluoride compounds of the elemental constituents of CZT, (CdF₂, ZnF₂, TeF₄, and TeF₆) as the crystal surface is consumed. Finally, the formation of these halide compounds provides an essential, intermediate step in the formation of the dielectric oxide layer since the direct oxidation of the CZT surface is known to be kinetically unfavorable. By attacking the crystal surface to form intermediate halide compounds at the CZT surface, the unoxidized ammonium fluoride has, in effect, replaced an unfavorable reaction, that of direct oxidation of the pure CZT, with one that is favorable: the decomposition of the halide compounds into their corresponding oxides, particularly cadmium.
The instant process, therefore, provides a primary dielectric layer which has been shown to be substantially a bulk layer of CdO. This is an important result in that CdO is known to have a very high density and exhibits the best lattice match with CZT of the several constituent oxides and would be expected therefore to provide an inert and stable protective layer. These findings have been verified through qualitative analysis utilizing Auger Electron Spectroscopy depth profiling measurements which reveals that the new passivation solution forms a robust dielectric layer on the surface of the CZT crystal about 300 Å-450 Å thick and is comprised substantially of CdO with a thin outside layer of tellurium oxide (either TeO or TeO[0040] ₂) believed to result from the oxidation of the out diffusion of tellurium hexafluoride (TeF₆). Since the tellurium hexafluoride is known to exist as a gas at room temperature its presence therefore provides a possible mechanism for the preferential depletion of Te from the etched CZT crystal surface and the subsequent oxidization of cadmium to cadmium oxide (CdO): This is believed to allow for a countercurrent in-diffusion of O²⁻, provided primarily through the in-diffusion of water molecules or left over hydrogen peroxide, driven by the concentration gradient produced by the displacement of Te²⁻ from the CZT crystal surface in the form of tellurium hexafluoride.

EXAMPLES

As can be seen from experimental results, summarized in TABLE 1 below, CZT crystals that are treated using the conventional prior art treatment have a smaller reduction in surface leakage current than those treated with the NH[0041] ₄F/H₂O₂treatment. In order to perform a set of passivation experiments to quantify the surface leakage current between various passivation methods CZT crystal samples were selected, etched in a 5 v/o bromine in methanol solution, rinsed in deionized water and dried in a stream of nitrogen gas. The samples of both high and low resistivity CZT material were tested. Circular gold electrodes were attached to front and back faces of the etched crystals and a initial current-voltage measurement taken to establish a baseline. Crystals were then dipped repeatedly into passivating solutions of either the conventional 10 w/o hydrogen peroxide solution, or the ammonium fluoride/hydrogen peroxide solution of the present invention. Each dip immersion was timed for an interval of 5 minutes after which the processed crystals were rinsed and dried as before, and subjected to subsequent current-voltage measurements to obtain a comparative measure of surface current leakage performance against the baseline measurement.
The accompanying FIGURES illustrate the observed change in leakage current with increasing bias voltage for various crystal types and treatments. [0042]

Representative measurements are summarized in the TABLE below. In particular, a comparison of FIGS. 2 and 3 with FIG. 1 shows that the step of growing a dielectric layer using the new oxidative process provides a substantial improvement over the conventional peroxide passivation method. As can be seen in the tabulated summary in TABLE 1 this improvement amounts to decrease in leakage current in both the low and high resistivity materials used in the experiment of several hundred percent.

TABLE 1


Comparison of experimental results obtained with different oxidant solutions, and
with different semiconductor materials

Passivating	Initial	Final	Factor of	Initial Leakage	Final Leakage	% Reduction of	Factor of
Treatment Following	Resistance [Ω]	Resistance [Ω]	Increase in R	Current [nA]	Current [nA]	Leakage Current	decrease in I
Etching in Br/MeOH	R_i	R_f	(R_f/R_i)	I_i	I_i		(I_i/I_f)

H₂O₂	2.81 × 10¹⁰	3.78 × 10¹⁰	1.35	4.96	4.1	19	1.21
High Resistance
Material
(prior art)
NH₄F/H₂O₂	3.30 × 10¹⁰	4.45 × 10¹³	1349	1.48	1.59 × 10⁻³	99.9	927
High Resistance
Material
NH₄F/H₂O₂	2.06 × 10⁶	9.02 × 10⁸	437	3.2 × 10⁴	142	99.6	225
Low resistance
Material

FIG. 1 shows the leakage current vs. voltage curves for CZT crystals treated by the prior art method of etching the crystal in a 5 v/o solution of bromine in methanol for 2 minutes followed by passivating the crystal in hydrogen peroxide. These measurements where made by attaching platinum leads, having a diameter of about 0.01 mm, using Aquadag (graphite suspension in water) to gold contacts deposited onto the CZT surface by thermal evaporation, following the step of etching. The entire assembly was then covered with a protective coating, such as HumiSeal® supplied by the HumiSeal Division of the Chase Corporation. The current-voltage measurements shown in FIG. 1 were made at room temperature using, by way of example, a Keithley Model 617 programmable electrometer in conjunction with a Bertan high voltage power supply. [0044]
While the conventional step of etching provided herein produces CZT detector crystals having lower leakage currents, the inventors have found that it is possible to further reduce the leakage current, and thus the noise level, and improve the sensitivity and spectral resolution of radiation detectors employing CZT crystals by passivating the surface of an etched CZT crystal; particularly with a solution of ammonium fluoride and hydrogen peroxide in water and preferably with a solution of 10 w/o ammonium fluoride and 10 w/o hydrogen peroxide in water subsequent to the steps of etching and applying electrodes to a CZT detector crystal. [0045]
FIGS. 2A and 2B and FIGS. 3A and 3B, (where FIG. B in each case illustrates a magnified view of FIG. A), shows the marked improvement in leakage current reduction of CZT materials processed by the present invention as is seen be the wide difference in slopes of the before-and-after current-voltage measurements. Actual device resistance and leakage current, measured under an electrical bias of 100V, for low resistance and high resistance CZT material is shown in TABLE 1. [0046]
It can be seen that treating the surface of a CZT crystal with a solution of 10 w/o NH[0047] ₄F and 10 w/o hydrogen peroxide in water serves to reduce significantly the surface leakage current of the treated CZT crystal. Providing a dielectric coating by oxidizing the surface of etched CZT crystals substantially reduces surface leakage currents by reducing the effect of high conductivity residues, such as Te, left on the etched surface at the completion of the etching process. This dielectric coating, grown directly from the CZT surface, allows for the difference in bias voltage between adjacent electrodes, on strip or coplanar grid detectors, to be increased without the onset of catastrophic noise effects thereby increasing the sensitivity and energy resolution of the detector. It is preferred that the ammonium fluoride/hydrogen peroxide solution treatment time be between 5 to 10 minutes.
In summary, the present invention provides a novel method for reducing the leakage current of CZT crystals, particularly Cd[0048] _1−xZn_xTe crystals (where x is less or equal 0.5), and preferably Cd_0.9Zn_0.1Te crystals, thereby enhancing their ability to spectrally resolve radiological emissions from a wide variety of radionuclides. The present method provides for etching the surface of a CZT crystal with a solution of bromine in methanol and subsequently growing a dielectric layer on the crystal surface, preferably with a aqueous solution of ammonium fluoride and hydrogen peroxide.
From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can readily ascertain the essential characteristics of the present invention. The inventors, however, now wish to describe several modes for carrying out their invention and thereby providing a detector having improved spectral resolution. [0049]
As illustrated in FIG. 4 the inventors show a conventional method wherein exposed areas of a crystal detector are passivated after forming electrical contacts. A contact pattern is placed onto the surface of a CZT crystal using standard mask-and-etch photolithographic techniques. Electrical contacts are then deposited onto the exposed surface using any number of known techniques, including CVD, sputtering, and wet chemical methods such as electroless gold plating. Following attachment of leads wires to the contacts the surfaces having metal electrodes deposited on them are coated with a moisture barrier such as HumiSeal®. Remaining exposed surface of the crystal are subsequently passivated by growing a native dielectric/oxide layer thereon by any of the known techniques described above by the inventors or by the process of instant invention. [0050]
[0051] Embodiment 1
Illustrated in FIG. 5A the inventors show a first mode for providing a passivated CZT crystal in which those exposed areas of a crystal detector not already covered by electrical contacts, are passivated by the ammonium fluoride/hydrogen peroxide solution treatment of the instant invention. Again, a contact pattern is placed onto the surface of a CZT crystal using standard mask-and-etch photolithographic techniques. Metal contacts are then deposited onto the surface of the CZT crystal exposed by etching away an exposed portion of photoresist. Deposition means are again any suitable technique, including vapor deposition, sputtering, and wet chemical methods such as electroless gold plating. Following formation of these electrical contacts the entire crystal is treated by the process of the present invention. [0052]
In a related manner, illustrated in FIG. 5B, an embodiment is shown which comprises forming the native oxide after a first mask-and-etch step instead of forming the electrode contact. This step is then followed by a second mask-and-etch step wherein a pattern is created around the oxide layer for the purpose of forming the contact. [0053]
The preferred mode for practicing [0054] embodiment 1 of the instant invention is illustrated and shown in FIG. 6. A method is disclosed for providing a passivated CZT crystal wherein the passivating, dielectric/oxide layer is incorporated onto the CZT crystal before processing to provide the crystal with electrical contacts. As with the mode illustrated in FIG. 5, a contact pattern is placed down onto surfaces of the CZT crystal using known mask and etch photolithographic techniques. In the preferred best mode, however, the pattern is created into the native oxide film already grown on the surface of the crystal. This approach provides a means for avoiding potential damage to electrical contacts or to the interfacial zone beneath the contacts by the peroxide/ammonium fluoride passivating solution of this invention.
[0055] Embodiment 2
A second embodiment comprising applying an encapsulating coating over the previously passivated crystal surfaces. [0056]
It is known that various gases present in the atmosphere, especially water vapor, can have a deleterious effect on the long-term stability of the CZT crystal surface and passivating layer. In order to prevent or at least minimize the chemical reaction of these species with the CZT crystal surface. The inventors have discovered that the application of a layer of a polymer material known as HumiSeal® to the CZT crystal provides an effective barrier to these gaseous species. The inventors have found that an effective layer of this material may be applied by simply dipping the passivated crystal into the liquid HumiSeal® polymer for between 1 and 20 seconds after electrical leads have been attached. [0057]
The inventors have also noted in related, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/118,691, that by a depositing a hard-coat silicon nitride layer onto the CZT crystal surface after that surface has been passivated and after electrode patterning and deposition a similarly effective barrier is provided. That is, after oxidizing the CZT surface via the ammonium fluoride/hydrogen peroxide solution treatment of embodiment 1 a silicon nitride layer is applied which further enhances the passivating capability of this technique. This method, therefore, provides a novel process wherein a thin hard-coat overlayer (nominally 1000 Å thick) of reactively-sputtered silicon nitride is laid down onto the passivated CZT surface. It is postulated that this overlayer prevents conduction induced by moisture or other gases in the operating environment. The conditions used for this process are shown below in Table 2. [0058]

TABLE 2

Deposition conditions for sputtered silicon nitride on CZT.

Pressure N₂flow Ar flow RF Power Target bias

5.5 mTorr 6 sccm 21 sccm 100 Watts −300 Volts
These parameters were chosen to mimic those found in the prior art to be optimal in terms of stoichiometry, refractive index, and residual stress. However, the properties of reactively sputtered films are significantly dependent on the characteristics of a particular sputtering system. Because the instant invention utilizes a system different from the prior art system in which the silicon nitride films were optimized, it is not clear to what extent the electrical properties of these particular silicon nitride films were similarly optimized. It is thus highly probable that improved passivation with silicon nitride alone can be achieved with optimization of the silicon nitride deposition process. [0059]
The sputter process itself is conventional. A diagrammatic sketch of the process is shown in FIG. 7. Radio frequency (RF) [0060] power supply 300 is attached to a standard magnetron sputter gun 301 which is itself held within a high vacuum chamber 302 connected to a high speed, cryo-pump vacuum pump 303. A target element 304 is held in the sputter gun in electrical contact with the RF source 300. Argon and Nitrogen process gas is admitted into chamber 302 at which point the argon atoms 305 are ionized by the RF field (not shown) and accelerated toward target 304. The high energy magnet in gun 301 retains the argon ion 305 in a looping circulation pattern 306 which brings them repeated into contact with target 304. As these high energy ions strike the surface of target 304, material is dislodged and ejected by a momentum transfer process. As the target surface is “cleaned” by the action of the argon plasma the added nitrogen gas reactions with this surface to form a nitride layer. It is this layer which eroded by the plasma, dislodged as nitride fragments 307 and ejected with enough energy to travel to the surface of the passivated CZT crystal 308, attached to substrate holder 309, which is to be coated.
A hard-coat silicon nitride layer is thus deposited onto the passivated and oxidized surface of the CZT crystal. Other dielectric nitride films known to those skilled in the art of reactive sputtering processes can provide surface passivation for CZT crystals. Potential candidates, beyond that of silicon nitride, include boron nitride, germanium nitride, aluminum nitride and gallium nitride. Significant variation in the parameters used for both the silicon nitride deposition steps may also yield processes which provide significant passivating capability. [0061]
In summary, the present invention provides a novel method for reducing the leakage current of CZT crystals, particularly Cd[0062] _1−xZn_xTe (where x is greater than or equal to zero and less than or equal 0.5), and preferably Cd_0.9Zn_0.1Te crystals. The present method provides for depositing, via reactive sputtering, a silicon nitride hard-coat overlayer which protects the surface of CZT crystals passivated by the ammonium fluoride/hydrogen peroxide solution treatment of the present invention from moisture and other gases in the operating environment.
The reader will appreciate that the foregoing description is only intended to be illustrative of the present invention and is, therefore, not to be construed to limitation or restriction thereon, the invention being delineated in the following claims. [0063]

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A method for reducing leakage current and improving spectral resolution in CdZnTe crystals, comprising the steps of:

a) etching the surface of a CdZnTe crystal with a solution of bromine in methanol;

b) applying electrodes onto the etched surface of the CdZnTe crystal; and

c) passivating CdZnTe crystal by growing a dielectric layer on said etched surface so as to form a coherent, continuous layer consisting essentially of CdO.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of etching comprises etching in a solution 5 v/o bromine in methanol.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of passivating comprises treating the surface of the CdZnTe crystal with a solution of ammonium fluorine and hydrogen peroxide in water.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the ammonium fluoride is replaced by an ammonium halide salt.

5. The method in claim 4, wherein the ammonium salts include NH₄F, NH₄Cl, NH₄Br, NH₄I.

6. The method of claim 3, wherein the CdZnTe crystal is treated with the ammonium fluoride and hydrogen peroxide solution for at least about 10 minutes.

7. The method of claim 3, wherein both ammonium fluoride and hydrogen peroxide are each present in an amount equal to about 10 w/o of an aqueous solution.

8. The method claim 1, wherein the CdZnTe crystal is replaced by any semiconductor compound consisting essentially of the group of elements listed in Groups 2B through 6B of the Periodic Tables of Elements.

9. The method in claim 3, wherein the hydrogen peroxide is replaced with an oxidizing agent having a Standard Reduction Half Cell Electrode potential that has a more positive potential than the hydrogen peroxide.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of applying electrodes comprises depositing electrodes by thermal evaporation.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of applying electrodes comprises depositing electrodes by plasma sputtering method.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of applying electrodes comprises depositing electroless gold electrodes.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the CdZnTe crystal has the composition of Cd_1−xZn_xTe, and where x is less than or equal to 0.5.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the CdZnTe crystal has the composition Cd_0.9Zn_0.1Te.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of passivating includes the step of encapsulating said CdZnTe crystal to provide a barrier between said dielectric layer and gases present in ambient air.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein said step of encapsulating includes forming a polymer layer on said dielectric layer.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein said polymer layer comprises HumiSeal® type 1B12.

18. The method of claim 15, wherein said step of encapsulating includes depositing a reactively sputtered hard-coat nitride layer on said dielectric layer.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the hard-coat nitride layer is selected from the group consisting essentially of silicon nitride, boron nitride, germanium nitride, aluminum nitride, or gallium nitride.

20. A method for forming a detector sensitive to ionizing radiation, comprising the steps of:

b) passivating the CdZnTe crystal by growing a dielectric layer on said etched surface forming thereby a passivated surface;

c) applying a photoresist layer onto said dielectric layer;

d) exposing a portion of said photoresist using electromagnetic radiation and a lithography means;

e) developing and removing said exposed portion thereby creating an image pattern in said photoresist and exposing a corresponding portion of said passivated surface;

f) removing said corresponding portion and thereby replicating said image onto said CdZnTe crystal surface;

g) depositing a metal conductor onto said surface image thereby forming an electrode on said exposed CdZnTe crystal surface; and

h) removing the remaining photoresist layer.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the step of etching comprises etching in a solution 5 v/o bromine in methanol.

22. The method of claim 20, wherein said step of growing a dielectric layer comprises treating the surface of the CdZnTe crystal with a solution of about 10 w/o ammonium fluoride and about 10 w/o hydrogen peroxide in water.

23. The method of claim 20, wherein said lithography means comprises radiation from wavelengths of about 1 nm to about 750 nm.

24. The method of claim 20, wherein said lithography means comprises either a positive or a negative mask, said mask used in one of either a contact, a projection, or a reflection mode.

25. The method of claim 20, wherein the step of etching includes utilizing an acid, ion, plasma, or reactive ion plasma etching.

26. The method of claim 22, wherein both ammonium fluoride and hydrogen peroxide in equal amounts are 20 w/o of an aqueous solution.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the electrodes are selected from the group of elements on the Periodic Table of elements in groups 8A through 1B.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the metal is gold.

29. The method of claim 20, wherein the CdZnTe crystal has the composition of Cd_1−xZn_xTe, and where x is less than or equal to 0.5.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the CdZnTe crystal has the composition Cd_0.9Zn_0.1Te.

31. The method of claim 20, wherein the step of passivating includes the step of encapsulating said CdZnTe crystal to provide a barrier between said dielectric layer and gases present in ambient air.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein said step of encapsulating includes forming a polymer layer on said dielectric layer.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein said polymer layer comprises HumiSeal® type 1B12.

34. The method of claim 31, wherein said step of encapsulating includes depositing a reactively sputtered hard-coat nitride layer on said dielectric layer.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein the hard-coat nitride layer is selected from the group consisting essentially of silicon nitride, boron nitride, germanium nitride, aluminum nitride, or gallium nitride.

36. A method for forming a detector sensitive to ionizing radiation, comprising the steps of:

b) applying a photoresist layer onto said etched surface;

c) exposing a portion of said photoresist using an electromagnetic radiation and a lithography means;

d) developing and removing said exposed photoresist thereby leaving a portion of said surface uncovered;

e) passivating said uncovered surface portion by growing a dielectric layer on said surface portion;

f) removing said photoresist layer to create a pattern image in said dielectric layer and exposing a corresponding portion of said CZT crystal surface; and

g) depositing a metal conductor onto said exposed surface thereby forming an electrode on said CdZnTe crystal surface.

37. The method of claim 36, wherein the step of etching comprises etching in a solution 5 v/o bromine in methanol.

38. The method of claim 36, wherein said step of growing a dielectric layer comprises treating the surface of the CdZnTe crystal with a solution of ammonium fluoride and hydrogen peroxide in water.

39. The method of claim 36, wherein said lithographic means further comprises radiation from wavelengths of about 1 nm to about 750 nm.

40. The method of claim 36, wherein said lithographic means further comprises a positive or a negative mask, said mask used in either a contact, a projection, or a reflection mode.

41. The method of claim 36, wherein the step of etching includes utilizing an acid, ion, plasma, or reactive ion plasma etching.

42. The method of claim 38, wherein both ammonium fluoride and hydrogen peroxide in equal amounts are 20 w/o of an aqueous solution.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein the electrodes are selected from the group of elements on the Periodic Table of elements in groups 8A through 1B.

44. The method of claim 43, wherein the metal is gold.

45. The method of claim 36, wherein the CdZnTe crystal has the composition of Cd_1−xZn_xTe, and where x is less than or equal to 0.5.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the CdZnTe crystal has the composition Cd_0.9Zn_0.1Te.

47. The method of claim 36, wherein the step of passivating includes the step of encapsulating said CdZnTe crystal to provide a barrier between said dielectric layer and gases present in ambient air.

48. The method of claim 47, wherein said step of encapsulating includes forming a polymer layer on said dielectric layer.

49. The method of claim 48, wherein said polymer layer comprises HumiSeal® type 1B12.

50. The method of claim 47, wherein said step of encapsulating includes depositing a reactively sputtered hard-coat nitride layer on said dielectric layer.

51. The method of claim 50, wherein the hard-coat nitride layer is selected from the group consisting essentially of silicon nitride, boron nitride, germanium nitride, aluminum nitride, or gallium nitride.

52. A method for forming a detector sensitive to ionizing radiation, comprising the steps of:

b) applying a photoresist layer onto said etched surface;

c) exposing said photoresist using a lithographic means to create an exposed image of an electrode contact pattern in said photoresist;

d) developing and removing said exposed photoresist to create a pattern image in said photoresist;

e) depositing a metal conductor into said pattern and onto said etched surface;

f) removing the remaining photoresist; and

g) passivating the etch CdZnTe crystal surface by growing a dielectric layer on said uncovered surface.

53. The method of claim 52, wherein the step of etching comprises etching in a solution 5 v/o bromine in methanol.

54. The method of claim 52, wherein said step of growing a dielectric layer comprises treating the surface of the CdZnTe crystal with a solution of ammonium fluoride and hydrogen peroxide in water.

55. The method of claim 52, wherein said lithographic means further comprises radiation from wavelengths of about 1 nm to about 750 nm.

56. The method of claim 52, wherein said lithographic means further comprises a positive or a negative mask, said mask used in either a contact, a projection, or a reflection mode.

57. The method of claim 52, wherein the step of etching includes utilizing an acid, ion, plasma, or reactive ion plasma etching.

58. The method of claim 54, wherein both ammonium fluoride and hydrogen peroxide in equal amounts are 20 w/o of an aqueous solution.

59. The method of claim 52, wherein the electrodes are selected from the group of elements on the Periodic Table of elements in groups 8A through 1B.

60. The method of claim 59, wherein the metal is gold.

61. The method of claim 52, wherein the CdZnTe crystal has the composition of Cd_1−xZn_xTe, and where x is less than or equal to 0.5.

62. The method of claim 61, wherein the CdZnTe crystal has the composition Cd_0.0Zn_0.1Te.

63. The method of claim 52, wherein the step of passivating includes the step of encapsulating said CdZnTe crystal to provide a barrier between said dielectric layer and gases present in ambient air.

64. The method of claim 63, wherein said step of encapsulating includes forming a polymer layer on said dielectric layer.

65. The method of claim 64, wherein said polymer layer comprises HumiSeal® type 1B12.

66. The method of claim 63, wherein said step of encapsulating includes depositing a reactively sputtered hard-coat nitride layer on said dielectric layer.

67. The method of claim 66, wherein the hard-coat nitride layer is selected from the group consisting essentially of silicon nitride, boron nitride, germanium nitride, aluminum nitride, or gallium nitride.

68. An ionizing radiation detector, comprising:

a CdZnTe crystal having one or more surfaces; and

a passivating dielectric layer grown on said surfaces, said layer consisting essentially of CdO.

69. The detector of claim 68, wherein the passivating layer is about at least 250 Å thick.

70. The detector of claim 68, further including an insulating means for providing a barrier between said dielectric layer and gases present in ambient air.

71. The detector of claim 70, wherein said insulating means includes a polymer layer on said dielectric layer.

72. The detector of claim 71, wherein said polymer layer comprises HumiSeal® type 1B12.

73. The detector of claim 70, wherein said insulating means includes a reactively sputtered hard-coat nitride layer deposited on said dielectric layer.

74. The detector of claim 73, wherein the hard-coat nitride layer is selected from the group consisting essentially of silicon nitride, boron nitride, germanium nitride, aluminum nitride, or gallium nitride.

75. The detector of claim 68, wherein the presence of the passivating dielectric layer reduces an initial measurement of surface current leakage by at least two orders of magnitude.