EP1499789A2 - Nozzle for jet drilling and associated method - Google Patents
Nozzle for jet drilling and associated methodInfo
- Publication number
- EP1499789A2 EP1499789A2 EP03746666A EP03746666A EP1499789A2 EP 1499789 A2 EP1499789 A2 EP 1499789A2 EP 03746666 A EP03746666 A EP 03746666A EP 03746666 A EP03746666 A EP 03746666A EP 1499789 A2 EP1499789 A2 EP 1499789A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- nozzle
- fluid
- inch
- orifices
- drilling
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
- E21B7/18—Drilling by liquid or gas jets, with or without entrained pellets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B1/00—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
- B05B1/34—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl
- B05B1/3405—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl to produce swirl
- B05B1/341—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl to produce swirl before discharging the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. in a swirl chamber upstream the spray outlet
- B05B1/3421—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl to produce swirl before discharging the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. in a swirl chamber upstream the spray outlet with channels emerging substantially tangentially in the swirl chamber
- B05B1/3431—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl to produce swirl before discharging the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. in a swirl chamber upstream the spray outlet with channels emerging substantially tangentially in the swirl chamber the channels being formed at the interface of cooperating elements, e.g. by means of grooves
- B05B1/3447—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl to produce swirl before discharging the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. in a swirl chamber upstream the spray outlet with channels emerging substantially tangentially in the swirl chamber the channels being formed at the interface of cooperating elements, e.g. by means of grooves the interface being a cylinder having the same axis as the outlet
Definitions
- This invention pertains to drilling of holes through the earth. More particularly, a nozzle is provided for drilling of drainholes from wells and other small- diameter holes.
- U. S. Patent No. 6,263,984 Bl includes a discussion of jet drill bits and several prior art methods and types of apparatus for drainhole-drilling using fluid jets. Jet bits for drilling that incorporate a swirling motion to the fluid before or after it is discharged against the rock to be cut are known. For example, U.S. Pat. No.
- 4,790,394 discloses "a whirling mass of pressurized cutting fluid .”
- the swirling fluid exits a nozzle as a free jet that increases in diameter as it moves away from the nozzle.
- U.S. Pat. No. 6,206,112 Bl discloses vortex generators as part of a drilling apparatus which includes drilling heads at the end of extensible drilling tubes.
- the drilling head has a hemispherical nose with a plurality of nozzles that are directed at an angle such as to generate a vortex outside the nozzle as fluid exits.
- a spinning jet stream is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,291,957.
- the spmning jet stream is developed from a tangentially driven vortex flow system.
- the stream is used along with an apertured mechanical cutting element that places the exiting spinning jet against a surface to be cut.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,862,871 discloses, in one embodiment, a nozzle having a central bore through the housing with discharge of a portion of the fluid passing through the central bore as a swirling stream and part as an axial stream.
- Drilling rates measured in sandstone at a pump pressure in the range from about 7,000 - 8,000 psi and at a pumping rate in the range of 100 GPM were in the range of about 14 - 22 ft/hr, with hole diameters in the range from about 2 to 4 inches (50 to 100 mm). All references cited above are hereby incorporated by reference herein. What is needed is a jet nozzle that drills a hole through the earth, such as a drainhole, having a diameter large enough for its intended application and large enough to allow cuttings to pass outside the nozzle and the tube to which the nozzle is attached, but that drills the hole rapidly with minimum flow rate and horsepower requirements.
- the jet nozzle should be attachable to the distal end of a tube that supplies the drilling fluid.
- the nozzle should exert a force in the direction to push the nozzle and tube through rock, but should also drill at a rapid rate without high sensitivity to stand-off distance.
- a nozzle for drilling through the earth.
- the nozzle includes a device for imparting swirling motion to fluid passing through the nozzle before the fluid is discharged through a front orifice. Orifices in the body of the nozzle may be directed toward the inflow end of the nozzle so as to provide a force to drive the nozzle and an attached tube through the hole being drilled. An extension is placed ahead of the front orifice to limit the radius of the swirling fluid discharged from the orifice.
- Fig. 1 illustrates a cased well and a drilling apparatus for drilling through a casing and drilling a drainhole in a reservoir.
- Fig. 2 illustrates an experimental set-up that can be used to test jet bits.
- Fig. 3 illustrates one embodiment of a jet bit having a stand-off section.
- Fig. 3(a) shows an elevation view
- Fig. 3(b) shows an end view
- Fig. 3(c) shows an isometric view.
- Fig. 4 illustrates one embodiment of a disk that can be used for imparting swirling motion inside a jet bit.
- Fig. 4(a) shows an elevation view
- Fig. 4(b) shows an end view
- Fig. 4(c) shows an isometric view.
- Nozzle jet drill 20 has been used to drill through casing 12 and cement 14 and is used to continue drilling lateral hole or drainhole 16 through reservoir 18.
- Nozzle jet drill 20 is attached to elastomeric tube 22, which in turn is connected to flexible steel tube (coiled tubing) 24 at connection 23.
- Upset tubing (rigid) 26 may be used to place bit diverter 28 in the well.
- the bit diverter is designed to turn a jet bit attached to an elastomeric tube through about a 90 degree turn, more or less.
- Diverter 28 may be a funnel tube guide which contains a wider top and narrows down to an outlet hole at the bottom, where a constriction (not shown) may be placed to enable a drill to kick-off.
- diverter 28 may be placed in casing 12 using well known wire line placement methods without the use of upset tubing 26 in the well.
- a recessed replaceable blasting plate (not shown) made of hard material such as tungsten carbide or the like, may be used to protect the funnel tube guide during the initial drilling through the wall of casing 12.
- Coiled tubing 24 extends to the top of well 10 and may coil onto reel 30.
- Drilling fluid may be pumped down the well by pump 34. Drilling fluid may contain abrasive particles, preferably ranging from about mesh 20 to about mesh 140.
- a water-soluble polymer such as J362, available from Dowell/Schlumberger, may be used in the concentration range of about 10 pounds to about 40 pounds per 1,000 gallons of liquid to keep the abrasive particles suspended and to lower friction pressure loss during flow of drilling fluid through tubing 22 and 24. Concentration of abrasive particles may be selected depending on drilling conditions, but normally concentrations up to about one-half pound of abrasive per gallon may be used. Chemicals such as KC1 and HC1 may be added to drilling fluid to assure that the fluid is compatible with the reservoir rock. Preferably, the fluid pumped is filtered to minimize plugging of orifices in a bit and fluid may be heated to decrease friction loss during flow downhole. Flow rate of drilling fluid may vary widely, but may be, for example, about 10 gallons per minute
- a suitable high-pressure pump such as pump 34 is a Kerr Pump, such as
- KP-3300-XP of triplex design with ceramic plungers. It will provide over 4,000 psi at rates from 4.8 GPM to 21.5 GPM. A 24-horsepower unit should suffice for most shallow-well applications; that is, for well depths less than 2500 feet. Other common high-pressure triplex pumps with ratings to and above 10,000 psi may be used.
- Elastomeric tube 22 may be a Gates Rubber Company 6M2T product, product number 4657-1554, which has a minimum burst pressure of 16,000 psi, an inner diameter of 0.375 inch, and outer diameter of 0.69 inch, and a minimum bend radius of 2.5 inches.
- An intermittent pressure valve may be placed downstream of pump 34 to enable the introduction of pressure pulses into the drilling fluid that will be transmitted to drill 20.
- the pulsed pressure waves from the drill may be detected at the surface or in the bore hole by geophones 38 and used to monitor the position of drill 20, using known techniques.
- Direction-indicating instruments such as a gyroscope, magnetometer or accelerometer(s) or combinations of these instruments may be placed near bit 20 and information from such measurements may be transmitted to surface while drilling using known measurement- while-drilling (MWD) techniques, such that the operator is informed of the initial direction of the nozzle-jet into the formation and its subsequent direction. Normally, the operator will desire to maintain lateral hole 16 within reservoir 18 as drilling proceeds.
- MWD measurement- while-drilling
- bit diverter 28 is installed onto the bottom of the upset tubing.
- Tubing 26 is lowered to a selected depth and may be turned to the desired direction for penetrating casing 12.
- Direction of diverter 28 may be determined using gyroscopic or other known techniques, either attached to tubing 26 or run on wire line and retrieved.
- Nozzle jet drill 20 may be threadably attached to a length of elastomeric tube 22, typically 0.375 inch inner diameter or smaller hydraulic hose capable of withstanding burst pressures up to 10,000 psi.
- elastomeric tube may be 0.25-inch diameter KEVLAR tubing. The length of elastomeric tubing 22 determines the maximum distance the lateral drainhole 16 can be drilled from the well 10.
- Elastomeric tube 22 may be joined to steel coiled tubing 24 and may be wound onto reel 30.
- a flexible high-pressure wire-braided thermoplastic tube similar to types supplied by Spir Star may be used, which can be reeled out and in boreholes many times without the significant fatigue that occurs in steel coiled tubing.
- Drill 20 is attached to elastomeric tubing 22 and they are lowered into upset tubing 26 if it is present in the well. If it is not present, drill diverter 28 is set by wire line, using techniques well known in industry, and drill 20 is lowered down casing 12.
- drilling fluid preferably containing abrasive particles
- Elastomeric tube 22 may be a little taut because jet drill 20 may have a momentum push against bit diverter 28.
- drill 20 will enter reservoir 18 and continue drilling for a short distance using the abrasive liquid. After drilling about one foot, for example, into reservoir 18 a drilling fluid without abrasive particles may be used.
- drilling fluid containing abrasive particles may be used.
- drainhole 16 Once drainhole 16 has reached its predetermined length, pumping is reduced and coiled tubing 24 and elastomeric tubing 22 are reeled in. Upset tubing 26, if it is present, can then be turned and the whole process can be repeated to drill another lateral in another azimuth direction. This of course can be repeated many times at each level and in many reservoirs intersecting well 10.
- test apparatus 40 for testing jet nozzles is shown.
- Nozzle 42 to be tested is attached to flexible hose 48, which can be placed through pipe 44, which is mounted on support 46.
- High-pressure pump 50 supplies test fluid, which is normally water or water containing a water-soluble polymer or abrasive particles.
- Sample 52 is a sample of rock to be drilled, which is typically sandstone or limestone.
- Pump 50 is preferably capable of supplying pressures up to 10,000 psi and flow rates up to 12 GPM.
- Nozzle 42 is placed at a selected stand-off distance from sample 52 when drilling is initiated. Force applied to hose 48 as drilling progresses is observed. In some instances a force is applied to increase stand-off distance of nozzle 42 from the bottom of the hole. In other instances a nozzle will move through a rock sample with no force applied. The drilling rate and size of the drilled hole are observed.
- body 62 may be formed from a high-strength steel such as stainless A suitable material is 416 stainless steel that is hardened.
- One process for hardening that is suitable is to preheat the nozzle to 1500 °F then to 1800 °F.
- the nozzle is then quenched in oil and tempered at between 650 and 700 °F.
- a suitable hardness is between 35 and 40 (Rockwell C scale).
- the hardening greatly reduces damage to the nozzle by erosion.
- Other hardening techniques and hard materials may be used for body 62 of nozzle 60.
- Threaded area 64 may be used as a connector mechanism for attaching the nozzle to a hose or conduit.
- Back chamber 66 may have rear-facing orifices 68 that serve primarily to propel the nozzle through the earth as a hole is being drilled. These orifices may also serve to enlarge the hole.
- the diameter of these orifices may be in the range from about 0.020 inch to about 0.050 inch. Size may be adjusted to account for different numbers of orifices used, type of rock to be drilled, and the needed thrust on the bit to insure that a force is provided to move the bit and the attached tube through the hole to be drilled.
- the radial angle of the orifices which is the acute angle between the orifices and the longitudinal axis of the bit, is preferably in the range from about 20 degrees to about 70 degrees. Alternatively, these orifices may not be present.
- Disc 70 which may be used to create a swirling motion to fluid passing through the nozzle, will be described in detail below.
- the swirling motion of the fluid may be created by vanes or other devices known to impart swirling motion to fluid passing through, as known in the art.
- Chamber 72 contains a volume of swirling fluid created by disk 70 or other device to create swirling flow before the fluid passes through front orifice 74.
- Front orifice 74 may have a diameter in the range from about 0.020 to about 0.100 inch. A suitable diameter is about 0.060 inch.
- the fluid jet exiting front orifice 74 forms a free jet that then grows in diameter and impinges, after a selected stand-off distance, on the bottom of the hole that is being formed.
- extension 76 is joined to body 62 at front orifice 74.
- the swirling jet is thus confined beyond front orifice 74.
- the interior surface of extension 76 may be conical in shape, as shown in Fig. 3, or may be cylindrical. Multiple cylinders having increasing diameter as the front end of extension 76 is approached may be used.
- the length of extension 76 along the flow axis is preferably in the range from about 0.2 to about 1.1 inch for a nozzle having a front orifice of 0.060 inch. Greater or less lengths may be used.
- the length of body 62 may be in the range from about 0.6 to about 1.0 inch, but in some applications longer nozzles may be used to increase the tendency of the nozzle to drill a straight hole. Maximum combined length of the nozzle and extension will be limited by the ability to divert the nozzle if it is to be diverted such as in a wellbore.
- Fig. 3(b) shows an end view of nozzle 60.
- the outside diameter of body 62 of nozzle 60 is typically in the range from about 0.300 inch to 1.0 inch, but larger or smaller diameters may be used.
- Fig. 3(c) shows an isometric view of nozzle 60. It is clear that details of dimensions may vary widely and the nozzle still achieve the objectives of imparting swirling motion to a portion of the throughput fluid with disk 70 or other device to impart swirling motion, producing a swirling jet through front orifice 74 and confining that jet so as to produce improved drilling rate with extension 76.
- Fig. 4 shows drawings of disk 70 in more detail.
- one of orifices or slots 80 at the perimeter of disk 70 is shown.
- Such orifice is formed at a selected tangential angle, which is the acute angle between the orifice and the direction of the axis through the disk. This selected angle will commonly be in the range from about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees, and will preferably be in the range around 45 degrees.
- the width and depth of the slot may be in the range from about 0.015 to about 0.035 inch, but may be more or less to achieve an optimum swirl velocity of fluid exiting nozzle 60.
- Center orifice 82 of disk 70 is selected to achieve an axial velocity to maximize drilling rate under conditions specified.
- center orifice 82 may be about 0.045 inch (this dimension produced satisfactory results when the three slots 80 were 0.028 inch wide and deep) or in the range from about 0.030 inch to about 0.100 inch.
- Fig. 4(b) shows an end view of disk 70, with central orifice 82 and three equally spaced slots 80. More or less slots may be used, but preferably at least two slots or orifices are present in disk 70.
- Fig. 4(c) shows an isometric view of disk 70.
- a sandstone sample was drilled with test equipment 40 shown in Fig. 2, using a swirling jet nozzle such as shown in Fig. 3 but without extension 76. After the nozzle entered the rock, it was necessary to apply force to hose 48 to move the nozzle away from the rock face to achieve an optimum drilling rate. Once stand-off distance was created, the nozzle could be allowed to advance, but it was necessary to control movement of the nozzle to maintain a stand-off distance. When the stand-off distance was controlled, a drilling rate of 3.5 feet per minute was observed at a pressure of about 6,000 psi and a flow rate of 10 GPM. After extension 76 was added (Fig. 3(a)), a hole could be cut with no external force applied to hose 48. EXAMPLE 2
- a nozzle like that shown in Fig. 3 but without extension 76 was used to drill sandstone.
- pumping for 15 seconds produced a hole 1.5 inches in diameter and 0.25 inch deep.
- the hole was only slightly deeper.
- the hole diameter was 2.25 inch and the depth was only 0.25 inch.
- Flow rates were in the range of 7 GPM.
- the nozzle of Fig. 3 without extension 76 would not penetrate the sandstone at above a rate of about 3 inches/minute or 15 feet/hour.
- a nozzle such as in Fig. 3 with rear orifices 68 at a radial angle of 30 degrees and with six rear orifices, each having a diameter of 0.029 inch, with disk 70 having a central orifice diameter of 0.045 inch and three peripheral orifices equilaterally spaced around the circumference of the disk with the width and depth of each slot being 0.028 inch and making a 45 degree tangential angle, and the front orifice having a diameter of 0.060 inch, with the length of extension 76 being 0.375 inch beyond the front of orifice 74, at a pump pressure of about 7,000 psi and a flow rate of 10 GPM, the nozzle cut relatively hard sandstone at the rate of 7 feet/minute.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US119790 | 1987-12-28 | ||
US10/119,790 US6668948B2 (en) | 2002-04-10 | 2002-04-10 | Nozzle for jet drilling and associated method |
PCT/US2003/010813 WO2003087522A2 (en) | 2002-04-10 | 2003-04-09 | Nozzle for jet drilling and associated method |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1499789A2 true EP1499789A2 (en) | 2005-01-26 |
EP1499789A4 EP1499789A4 (en) | 2010-07-21 |
Family
ID=33488842
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP03746666A Withdrawn EP1499789A4 (en) | 2002-04-10 | 2003-04-09 | Nozzle for jet drilling and associated method |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1499789A4 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003226330B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2480249C (en) |
Citations (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2017467A (en) * | 1934-11-23 | 1935-10-15 | Leavitt R Loomis | Spray nozzle |
US3344558A (en) * | 1965-07-23 | 1967-10-03 | Wyatt S Kirkland | Sand blast nozzle |
US3415453A (en) * | 1967-03-13 | 1968-12-10 | Anthony Mfg Corp | Swirl device for sprinkler heads |
GB1376591A (en) * | 1972-06-26 | 1974-12-04 | Franz N C | Nozzle assemblies for use at extremely high fluid pressures |
US4150794A (en) * | 1977-07-26 | 1979-04-24 | Camsco, Inc. | Liquid jet cutting nozzle and housing |
US4244521A (en) * | 1978-04-01 | 1981-01-13 | Bochumer Eisenhuette Heintzmann Gmbh & Co. | Arrangement for discharging liquid medium under high pressure |
GB1603090A (en) * | 1978-05-25 | 1981-11-18 | Hughes & Co | Jetting apparatus |
US4787465A (en) * | 1986-04-18 | 1988-11-29 | Ben Wade Oakes Dickinson Iii Et Al. | Hydraulic drilling apparatus and method |
US4790384A (en) * | 1987-04-24 | 1988-12-13 | Penetrators, Inc. | Hydraulic well penetration apparatus and method |
US4798339A (en) * | 1984-02-13 | 1989-01-17 | Sugino Machine Limited | Submerged jet injection nozzle |
US4852800A (en) * | 1985-06-17 | 1989-08-01 | Flow Systems, Inc. | Method and apparatus for stablizing flow to sharp edges orifices |
US6263984B1 (en) * | 1999-02-18 | 2001-07-24 | William G. Buckman, Sr. | Method and apparatus for jet drilling drainholes from wells |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5853056A (en) * | 1993-10-01 | 1998-12-29 | Landers; Carl W. | Method of and apparatus for horizontal well drilling |
US5862871A (en) * | 1996-02-20 | 1999-01-26 | Ccore Technology & Licensing Limited, A Texas Limited Partnership | Axial-vortex jet drilling system and method |
JP3298052B2 (en) * | 1998-08-21 | 2002-07-02 | 豊田紡織株式会社 | Air filter |
-
2003
- 2003-04-09 EP EP03746666A patent/EP1499789A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-04-09 AU AU2003226330A patent/AU2003226330B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-04-09 CA CA002480249A patent/CA2480249C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2017467A (en) * | 1934-11-23 | 1935-10-15 | Leavitt R Loomis | Spray nozzle |
US3344558A (en) * | 1965-07-23 | 1967-10-03 | Wyatt S Kirkland | Sand blast nozzle |
US3415453A (en) * | 1967-03-13 | 1968-12-10 | Anthony Mfg Corp | Swirl device for sprinkler heads |
GB1376591A (en) * | 1972-06-26 | 1974-12-04 | Franz N C | Nozzle assemblies for use at extremely high fluid pressures |
US4150794A (en) * | 1977-07-26 | 1979-04-24 | Camsco, Inc. | Liquid jet cutting nozzle and housing |
US4244521A (en) * | 1978-04-01 | 1981-01-13 | Bochumer Eisenhuette Heintzmann Gmbh & Co. | Arrangement for discharging liquid medium under high pressure |
GB1603090A (en) * | 1978-05-25 | 1981-11-18 | Hughes & Co | Jetting apparatus |
US4798339A (en) * | 1984-02-13 | 1989-01-17 | Sugino Machine Limited | Submerged jet injection nozzle |
US4852800A (en) * | 1985-06-17 | 1989-08-01 | Flow Systems, Inc. | Method and apparatus for stablizing flow to sharp edges orifices |
US4787465A (en) * | 1986-04-18 | 1988-11-29 | Ben Wade Oakes Dickinson Iii Et Al. | Hydraulic drilling apparatus and method |
US4790384A (en) * | 1987-04-24 | 1988-12-13 | Penetrators, Inc. | Hydraulic well penetration apparatus and method |
US6263984B1 (en) * | 1999-02-18 | 2001-07-24 | William G. Buckman, Sr. | Method and apparatus for jet drilling drainholes from wells |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
See also references of WO03087522A2 * |
WANG RUIHE ET AL: "Theoretical and experimental study on conical swirling water jet flow" JOURNAL OF HYDRODYNAMICS, JOURNAL OF HYDRODYNAMICS, BEIJING, CN, vol. 10, no. 3, 1 January 1998 (1998-01-01), pages 80-90, XP008122899 ISSN: 1001-6058 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2480249A1 (en) | 2003-10-23 |
EP1499789A4 (en) | 2010-07-21 |
AU2003226330B2 (en) | 2007-05-31 |
CA2480249C (en) | 2009-09-15 |
AU2003226330A1 (en) | 2003-10-27 |
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