CN103110456B - 动力关节式运动和腕式旋转的手术装置 - Google Patents

动力关节式运动和腕式旋转的手术装置 Download PDF

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CN103110456B
CN103110456B CN201210464993.9A CN201210464993A CN103110456B CN 103110456 B CN103110456 B CN 103110456B CN 201210464993 A CN201210464993 A CN 201210464993A CN 103110456 B CN103110456 B CN 103110456B
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end effector
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gear
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CN103110456A (zh
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斯坦尼斯瓦夫·马尔奇克
拉塞尔·普里巴尼奇
马勇
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Covidien LP
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/14Probes or electrodes therefor
    • A61B18/1442Probes having pivoting end effectors, e.g. forceps
    • A61B18/1445Probes having pivoting end effectors, e.g. forceps at the distal end of a shaft, e.g. forceps or scissors at the end of a rigid rod
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/28Surgical forceps
    • A61B17/29Forceps for use in minimally invasive surgery
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/00234Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for minimally invasive surgery
    • A61B2017/00292Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for minimally invasive surgery mounted on or guided by flexible, e.g. catheter-like, means
    • A61B2017/003Steerable
    • A61B2017/00305Constructional details of the flexible means
    • A61B2017/00314Separate linked members
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/00234Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for minimally invasive surgery
    • A61B2017/00292Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for minimally invasive surgery mounted on or guided by flexible, e.g. catheter-like, means
    • A61B2017/003Steerable
    • A61B2017/00318Steering mechanisms
    • A61B2017/00323Cables or rods
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/00367Details of actuation of instruments, e.g. relations between pushing buttons, or the like, and activation of the tool, working tip, or the like
    • A61B2017/00398Details of actuation of instruments, e.g. relations between pushing buttons, or the like, and activation of the tool, working tip, or the like using powered actuators, e.g. stepper motors, solenoids
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/00681Aspects not otherwise provided for
    • A61B2017/00734Aspects not otherwise provided for battery operated
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/28Surgical forceps
    • A61B17/29Forceps for use in minimally invasive surgery
    • A61B2017/2901Details of shaft
    • A61B2017/2902Details of shaft characterized by features of the actuating rod
    • A61B2017/2903Details of shaft characterized by features of the actuating rod transferring rotary motion
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/28Surgical forceps
    • A61B17/29Forceps for use in minimally invasive surgery
    • A61B2017/2926Details of heads or jaws
    • A61B2017/2927Details of heads or jaws the angular position of the head being adjustable with respect to the shaft
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61B2017/2926Details of heads or jaws
    • A61B2017/2932Transmission of forces to jaw members
    • A61B2017/2933Transmission of forces to jaw members camming or guiding means
    • A61B2017/2936Pins in guiding slots
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00571Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body for achieving a particular surgical effect
    • A61B2018/00601Cutting
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00571Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body for achieving a particular surgical effect
    • A61B2018/0063Sealing
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00636Sensing and controlling the application of energy
    • A61B2018/00773Sensed parameters
    • A61B2018/00875Resistance or impedance
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/14Probes or electrodes therefor
    • A61B18/1442Probes having pivoting end effectors, e.g. forceps
    • A61B2018/1452Probes having pivoting end effectors, e.g. forceps including means for cutting
    • A61B2018/1455Probes having pivoting end effectors, e.g. forceps including means for cutting having a moving blade for cutting tissue grasped by the jaws
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/30Surgical robots
    • A61B2034/301Surgical robots for introducing or steering flexible instruments inserted into the body, e.g. catheters or endoscopes
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/30Surgical robots
    • A61B2034/305Details of wrist mechanisms at distal ends of robotic arms
    • A61B2034/306Wrists with multiple vertebrae

Abstract

本发明公开了一种用于处理组织的手术器械,该手术器械包括壳体和具有关节式运动部和末端执行器的轴。该手术器械包括:第一外壳,其连接至所述轴的近端并且与所述轴的近端一起旋转;内部框架,其容纳于第一外壳内;多个柱件,其由内部框架支撑,并且多个柱件在其远端连接到至少一根驱动线,在其近端连接到螺纹轴;以及第二外壳,其连接至第一外壳并且与第一外壳一起旋转,所述第二外壳容纳螺纹轴。该手术器械包括驱动第一齿轮的第一电动机,第一齿轮与螺纹轴接合使得多个螺纹轴中的第一对在相同的方向上旋转并且引起所述关节式运动部在第一平面上进行关节式运动。本公开还涉及一种动力关节式运动和腕式旋转的手术装置。

Description

动力关节式运动和腕式旋转的手术装置
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2011年11月16日提交的序列号为61/560,456的美国临时申请的权益和优先权,该申请的全部内容通过引用结合于此。
技术领域
本公开涉及手术装置,并且本公开尤其涉及具有机动关节式运动和旋转系统的动力手术装置。
背景技术
许多手术装置同时利用机械夹紧动作和电能对组织和血管加热从而凝固、灼烧和/或密封组织来实现止血。作为对开放式手术操作时使用的开口镊的替代,许多现代外科医生使用通过更小的穿刺状切口而遥控进入器官的内窥镜和内窥镜器械。这样做的直接结果是:患者往往获益于更小的伤疤和减少的恢复时间。
一般地,内窥镜手术包括切穿体壁如在卵巢、子宫、胆囊、肠、肾脏、阑尾等上观察和/或操作。有许多常用的内窥镜手术操作包括关节镜检查,腹腔镜检查(骨盆检查),胃肠镜检查和支气管镜检查,这只是列举了一部分。典型地,套针被用于开设切口,借此执行内窥镜手术。
套针管或者插管装置延伸进入腹壁并且留在腹壁的适当位置从而为内窥镜手术工具提供进入口。摄像机或者内窥镜插通相对大的直径的一般位于脐部切口(navalincision)处的套针管,并且允许对体腔的目视检查和放大。然后借助诸如设计为配合通过额外的插管的钳子、切割器、涂药器等的专业器械,外科医生能够在手术位置执行诊断和治疗操作。因此,不用切割通过较多肌肉的大的切口(典型地12英寸或更大),进行内窥镜手术的患者得到大小在5至10毫米之间的更具美观吸引力的切口。因此,与传统手术相比,患者恢复更快并且需要较少地麻醉。此外,因为手术区域被大大地放大了,外科医生能够更好地解剖血管并且控制失血。
在减少手术创伤的持续努力中,目前人们已经对不需要在腹壁中开设任何切口而通过利用自然孔口(例如,嘴或肛门)进入目标组织来执行操作以诊断和手术地处理医疗病状的可能性越来越感兴趣。所述操作有时被称作腔内操作、经腔操作或者自然孔口经腔内窥镜手术(“NOTES”)。尽管许多所述腔内操作仍然在发展,它们一般利用柔性内窥镜器械或者柔性导管以提供到目标组织的入口。腔内手术已经被用于处理内腔中的病状例如食道中的胃食道返流性疾病的治疗和去除结肠中的息肉。在一些实例中,内科医生已经超出胃肠道腔的范围而执行腹内操作。例如,使用柔性内窥镜器械,能够穿透胃壁以及将内窥镜推进到腹腔从而执行各种操作。
据报道,使用所述腔内技术,已经在动物模型上执行诊断探查、肝活组织检查、胆囊切除术、脾切除术以及输卵管结扎。在腹内手术完成之后,该内窥镜器械缩回到胃中并且该刺孔闭合。其他的如肛门或者阴道的自然孔口也可以允许进入腹腔。
如上所述,许多内窥镜和腔内手术操作典型地需要切割或结扎血管或者血管组织。然而,这导致出现了对器械制造商的设计上的挑战,即必须试图找到使得内窥镜配合通过更小的插管的方法。由于对手术腔的固有的空间考虑,外科医生通常难以缝合血管或者执行其它传统的控制出血的方法,例如夹紧和/或对切断的血管扎口。通过利用内窥镜电动手术钳子,外科医生能够通过控制通过钳夹构件施加到组织的电动手术能量的强度、频率和持续时间来灼烧、凝固/干燥和/或简单地减少或者放慢出血。大多数的小血管,即,直径小于2毫米的范围内的血管,在使用标准电动手术器械和技术时通常能够被封闭。然而,如果对更大的血管进行结扎,外科医生需要将内窥镜手术转换成开放式外科手术并且因此放弃了内窥镜手术的优点。可选择地,外科医生能够利用专业的血管封闭器械来密封更大的血管或组织。
可以想到的是,凝结血管的过程根本不同于电动手术血管密封。为此目的,“凝结”被定义为干燥组织的过程,其中组织细胞破裂和变干。“血管密封”或者“组织密封”被定义为组织中的胶原液化的过程使得其变成熔融体。小血管的凝结足以持久地封闭它们,而更大的血管需要被密封从而确保持久的封闭。此外,大的组织或血管的凝结会导致众所周知的具有低的爆裂强度的弱近端血栓,而组织密封具有相对高的爆裂强度并且可以沿着组织密封平面被有效地切断。
更特别地,为了有效地密封更大的血管(或者组织),两个主要的机械参数—即施加到血管(组织)的压力和电极之间的间距—被精确地控制,而这两个参数均受到密封血管的厚度的影响。更特别地,精确的压力施加对于对抗血管的壁、将组织阻抗减少到足够低的值使得允许充足的电动手术能量通过组织、克服了组织加热期间的扩张力以及促成指示良好密封的目标组织厚度都是重要的。已经可以确定的是,典型的熔融血管壁在0.001英寸至0.006英寸之间是最佳的。在该范围以下,密封可能是破碎的或者撕裂的,而在该范围之上,内腔可能没有被正确地或者有效地密封。
对于更小的血管来说,施加到组织的压力往往会变得不那么相关,而导电表面之间的间距对于有效的密封变得更加重要。换句话说,随着血管变小,致动期间的两个导电表面接触的几率增加。
已经发现的是,用于确保一致的和有效的密封的压力范围是在约290kPa至约1570kPa之间,并且理想地在680kPa至1275kPa的工作范围之内。制造能够提供工作范围内的闭合压力的器械已经被证明对于密封动脉、组织以及其它的维管束是有效的。
在过去已经开发了用于提供适当的实现血管密封的闭合力的各种力致动组件。例如,序列号是10/460,926和11/513,979的共有的美国专利申请公开了两个不同的预见的致动组件,这两个申请的全部内容通过引用结合于此。
在使用中,对于外科医生来说的一个显著的挑战是,当产生所述要求的作用于可靠的血管密封的力时,不能在多个平面中即离轴的平面上操纵血管密封器的所述末端执行器组件从而抓紧组织。因此变得更加期待的是,开发一种内窥镜或者腔内血管密封器械,其包括能够沿多个轴操纵的末端执行器组件从而使得外科医生抓紧和密封在手术腔中位于不同的平面的血管。
用于末端执行器的离轴关节式运动的装置的两个实例在序列号为2010/0076433和2010/0179540的共同转让的美国公开专利申请中描述,该两个申请的全部内容通过引用结合于此。
如在‘433申请中所述,腔内操作通常需要利用柔性导管或者内窥镜进入弯曲的自然腔的构造中深部的组织。传统的血管密封装置因为刚性轴不能容易地通过弯曲的自然腔的构造而可能不适合在一些腔内操作中使用。有鉴于此,‘433申请公开了一种具有柔性关节式运动轴的内窥镜血管密封器。然而,‘433申请的内窥镜血管密封器需要来自内科医生或外科医生的人工输入使得所述末端执行器进行关节式运动并且通过使用与壳体一体形成的旋转手柄使得所述末端执行器旋转。公开有用于关节式运动和旋转的独立旋钮。而既包括关节式运动又包括旋转需要所述末端执行器的几乎完整的腕状关节式运动,这种构想要求使用有效操作的两只手,一只手支持器械并且另一只手转动旋转轮和/或关节式运动轮。
同样地,‘540申请教导了使用两根或者四根控制线从而实现在多个平面中的所述末端执行器的关节式运动。然而,‘540申请也要求外科医生使用两只手用于有效操作。进一步地,当多平面活动中使用四根线时,用于使轴的关节式运动部的运动同步的系统是人工的并且依赖外科医生的技巧。
内窥镜手术装置的单手设计也已经由当前申请的转让人想到了。例如,序列号为2009/0054734的共同转让的美国公开专利申请的全部内容通过引用结合于此,其公开了一种单手手术装置,能够使外科医生使所述末端执行器进行关节式运动与装置的旋转结合,使得近似的腕状活动是可能的。然而,如'734公开所述,为了完成末端执行器的关节式运动,手术装置的近端必须自身离轴运动。正如能够被本领域的相关技术人员容易理解的是,手术装置的近端上的所述离轴运动的必要性能够导致装置与其它的竞争通过单一进入口的可用的有限空间的手术工具的干涉。因此,当单手操作是可能时,其它工具的干涉会带给外科医生额外的困难。
发明内容
因此期望开发出一种具有能够插入由外科医生单手操作的柔性内窥镜或导管中的柔性轴的内窥镜或者腔内血管密封器械。同时也期望开发出并入壳体的这样的末端执行器:允许外科医生执行所述末端执行器的所有必要的关节式运动,当仅使用单手并且没有手术装置的近端的必要的离轴运动时,因此允许外科医生利用另一只手使用其它的工具而不占据这些工具的可用空间。
本公开的一个方案旨在用于处理组织的手术器械。所述器械包括:壳体,具有自其延伸的轴,所述轴至少包括关节式运动部和末端执行器。第一外壳连接至所述轴的近端并且与所述轴的近端一起旋转。内部框架容纳于所述第一外壳内。多个柱件由所述内部框架支撑,并且在其远端上连接到至少一根驱动线,在其近端上连接到螺纹轴。第二外壳连接至所述第一外壳并且与所述第一外壳一起旋转,所述第二外壳容纳所述螺纹轴。第一电动机驱动第一齿轮,所述第一齿轮与所述螺纹轴接合使得所述多个螺纹轴中的第一对在相同的方向上旋转。第二电动机驱动第二齿轮,所述第二齿轮使得所连接的所述轴和所述第一外壳及所述第二外壳围绕公共轴线旋转。在第一方向上驱动所述第一齿轮使得所述关节式运动部在第一平面上进行关节式运动。
所述手术器械还包括驱动第三齿轮的第三电动机,所述第三齿轮在相同的方向上至少驱动所述多个螺纹轴的第二对,其中在第一方向上驱动所述第三齿轮使得所述关节式运动部在第二平面上进行关节式运动。
根据本公开的另一个方案,每对所述螺纹轴包括一个左旋螺纹轴和一个右旋螺纹轴。进一步地,所述第一齿轮和所述第三齿轮可以与行星齿轮接合从而驱动它们各自的螺纹轴对,并且每个螺纹轴可以包括由所述行星齿轮的内齿轮齿所驱动的直齿轮。
在本公开的另一个方案中,所述手术器械还包括控制系统。所述控制系统可以至少包括一个处理器和一个用于存储控制算法的存储器。此外,所述第一电动机、所述第二电动机和所述第三电动机可以包括编码器,其提供反馈给所述电动机的机械运动的控制系统。
在本公开的另一个方案中,还包括用户输入端,其提供期望的末端执行器运动数据给所述控制系统,其中所述控制系统解析所述输入的末端执行器运动数据并且根据所述末端执行器运动数据发信号给所述第一电动机、所述第二电动机和所述第三电动机中的一个或多个。
根据本发明的进一步的方案,所述控制系统还包括存储在所述存储器上的控制算法,其响应于所述输入的末端执行器运动数据而用于控制所述末端执行器的运动。在本发明的一个方案中,所述算法和所述控制系统使得所述第一电动机、所述第二电动机和所述第三电动机的运动同步,并且使得所述末端执行器和所述关节式运动部的运动在多个平面中同时进行。
所述用户输入端可以选自由按钮、触发器、操纵杆、压力传感器、开关、轨迹球、标度盘、光学传感器及它们的任意结合而构成的组。
根据本发明的进一步的方案,所述手术器械包括电动手术能量源,所述电动手术能量源提供能量给可操作地连接到所述末端执行器的一个或多个密封板。当活动手柄作动时,所述末端执行器能够从打开位置运动到闭合位置,并且防止施加所述电动手术能量直到所述末端执行器已经运动到所述闭合位置。所述手术器械还可以包括刀具,其用于在通过施加所述电动手术能量而在所述组织中形成密封之后切断组织。
本公开的这些和其它的方案在下面的附图中将进行更加详细的描述。
附图说明
结合附图将对本主题器械的各种实施例进行描述,在附图中:
图1是示出了根据本公开的壳体、柔性轴以及末端执行器组件的内窥镜钳子的立体图;
图2是图1的柔性轴和末端执行器组件的放大的正视立体图;
图3是图1的柔性轴和末端执行器的放大的分解的后视立体图;
图4是以打开的配置示出的图2的柔性轴和末端执行器组件的侧剖视图;
图5是以闭合的配置示出的图2的柔性轴和末端执行器组件的侧剖视图;
图6是示出了切割机构的远侧平移运动的图2的柔性轴和末端执行器的侧剖视图,该机构配置为切割末端执行器组件的钳夹构件中放置的组织;
图7是处于非关节式运动状态的图2的末端执行器组件的纵向剖视图;
图8是处于关节式运动状态的图2的末端执行器组件的纵向剖视图;
图9是根据本公开的另一个部分柔性轴和末端执行器组件的放大的立体图;
图10是图9的部分柔性轴的放大的分解立体图;
图11是以部分打开配置示出的具有末端执行器组件的图10的部分柔性轴的底视立体图;
图12是以闭合配置示出的具有末端执行器组件的图10的部分柔性轴的正视立体图;
图13是处于关节式运动方向上的图10的部分柔性轴俯视剖视图;
图14是根据本公开的另一个方案的处于非关节式运动状态的柔性轴和末端执行器组件的放大的前俯视图;
图15是图14的柔性轴和末端执行器的放大的分解正视立体图;
图16是处于向上关节式运动位置的图14的柔性轴和末端执行器的放大的侧视图;
图17是处于向右关节式运动位置的图14的柔性轴和末端执行器的放大的侧视图;
图18是处于向左关节式运动位置的图14的柔性轴和末端执行器的放大的侧视图;
图19是图1的轴和转向单元的正视立体图,及示出了内部机构的转向单元剖开立体图;
图20是图1的轴和转向单元的部分的后视立体图,及示出了内部机构的转向单元剖开立体图;
图21是图1的轴和转向单元的部分的正视立体图,及示出了内部机构的转向单元剖开立体图和移除第一外壳从而示出其内部;
图22是用于驱动转向线缆的图1的电动机和行星齿轮的后视立体图;
图23是根据本公开的一个方案的描述了参考坐标系统和平面的轴的立体图。
本公开的这些和其它的方案将在下面进行详细的描述。
具体实施方式
本公开涉及动力内窥镜器械,例如利用细长的、一般柔性的关节式运动轴的内窥镜钳子。本公开的另一个方案旨在电动手术内窥镜装置并且更特别地旨在利用细长的、一般柔性的关节式运动轴的用于密封和/或切割组织的内窥镜电动手术钳子。在一个实施例中,例如,装置包括连接至柔性的、细长的主体部分或轴的近端的手柄、手柄组件或者其它适当的致动机构(例如,机器人等)。柔性轴的远侧部包括由一个或多个关节组成的关节式运动部从而允许末端执行器响应于关节式运动线缆的致动而进行远离纵轴线的关节式运动。末端执行器可操作地支撑在柔性轴的远端上。末端执行器包括能够在闭合位置与打开位置之间致动的一对钳夹。该钳夹适用于将电能供应给在钳夹之间抓紧的组织。末端执行器还可以包括能够被致动用于切割钳夹中抓紧的组织的刀具组件。
打开和闭合钳夹、操作刀具组件以及使得末端执行器进行关节式运动的功能能够通过手柄中的各种机构的致动而由手柄遥控执行。机械运动可由柔性轴中的柔性的或刚性的线缆或杆从手柄通过柔性轴传递至末端执行器。例如,在一个实施例中,两根线缆用于提供关节式运动,一根推挽式线缆打开和闭合钳夹,而第二根推挽式线缆致动刀具组件。本公开的装置的一个方案适用于放置在柔性的内窥镜的腔中并且然后被插入患者的自然孔口并且通过自然腔的构造而腔内传输至自然腔之内或之外的治疗部位。可选择地,该装置可经由手术进出口件或者经由本领域的技术人员已知的其它方法被插入患者体内。在下面的附图和说明中,术语“近侧”如通常地将指电动手术装置及其部件的较接近用户的一端,而术语“远侧”将指远离用户的一端。
图1示出了本公开的一个方案的总体视图。图1示出了内窥镜装置10。内窥镜装置包括末端执行器12,其经由轴16连接至壳体或者主体14。轴16由关节式运动部18和非关节式运动部20组成。轴16的关节式运动部18可以由一系列的活动连接件制成,并且将在下面进行详细描述。轴16包含转向线缆和致动构件,如导线、杆、线缆等,以用于夹紧、切割或者传递能量至末端执行器12。如上所述的轴16连接至主体14,并且特别地连接至转向单元22。轴16可以由例如不锈钢的刚性材料或者可选择地例如塑料管的柔性材料形成,并且可以并入编织钢的管从而提供轴向的(例如,压缩)和旋转的强度。
主体14之中还容纳有控制系统24,其可以包括可编程微处理器。动力自例如电动手术发电机的外部源经由线缆26供应给内窥镜装置10或者可选择地来源于并入壳体14(未示出)的自给电池。至少一根电连接线28用于给控制系统24供电。控制系统24的一个功能是控制转向单元22,并且特别地控制并入转向单元5并且将在下面详细描述的转向控制电动机的致动。
如图1所示,致动开关30在内窥镜装置10的主体14之上形成。致动开关30使得用户或者外科医生能够对控制系统24输入期望的命令,其转而驱动转向单元从而实现末端执行器12的关节式运动和/或旋转。额外的致动元件也可以并入,例如能够控制末端执行器12的打开和闭合的夹紧手柄32从而抓紧组织。触发器34可以被提供用于实现施加电动手术能量以用于密封或切割末端执行器12中保持的组织。此外,或者可选择地,触发器34可以致动手术刀片,将在下面详细描述。
可以想到的是,根据本公开的方案涉及使用电动手术能量以密封或者切割组织,供应动力给线缆26的动力源可以是发电机,例如由Covidien出售的那些发电机,例如,LIGASURETM血管密封发电机或者ForceTriadTM发电机。
该发电机可以包括具有隔离输出、附件的独立致动和/或所谓的作为由Covidien拥有的专利技术的“InstantResponseTM”软件的各种安全和性能特征。InstantResponseTM是一种先进的反馈系统,其每秒感测组织中的变化200次并且调整电压和电流以维持适合的动力。InstantResponseTM技术被认为对于血管密封提供了下面的一个或多个好处:遍及所有组织类型的一致的临床效应;减小的热扩散和附属组织损伤的风险;更少地需要“调大发电机”;以及用于微创伤环境的设计。
现在转到图2,描述了末端执行器12和关节式运动部18的近视图。关节式运动部18是柔性的并且包括一个或多个活动关节18a。柔性的外壳或套筒(未示出)可应用于保护关节式运动部18的多个内部活动关节18a。使用活动关节18a,关节式运动部18的关节式运动通过关节式运动线缆38a、38b的操纵完成。
如上所述,末端执行器12联接在内窥镜装置10的远端处并且包括一对对置的钳夹构件40和42。活动手柄32连接至机械协同的驱动组件从而使得钳夹构件40和42从打开位置(其中钳夹构件40和42彼此间隔布置)运动到夹紧或闭合位置(其中钳夹构件40和42协同抓紧其间的组织),如图2所示。
末端执行器12可以设计为单侧组件,即,钳夹构件42相对轴16固定并且钳夹构件40绕着枢轴销44枢转从而抓紧组织,或者设计为双侧组件,即,钳夹构件40和42均相对公共轴线运动。驱动杆46或者驱动套筒可操作地联接至驱动组件(未示出)并且经由例如活动手柄32在固定手柄36方向上的运动可选择地往复,从而致动钳夹构件40和42,即使得钳夹构件40和42相对于彼此枢转。在该装置的一个实施例中,驱动杆46是柔性的并且可以是例如线缆。
根据本公开并且如图3最佳图示,刀具通道48可在上和/或下钳夹构件40和42中分别限定(尽管未在图3的上钳夹中示出)。刀具通道48定尺寸为分别运行通过钳夹构件40和42的中央,使得当钳夹构件40和42处于闭合位置时刀片50可以选择地往复运动从而切割钳夹构件40和42之间抓紧的组织。刀片50可以配置为(或者刀片50与末端执行器12或者驱动组件结合)使得刀片50仅可以当钳夹构件40和42闭合时前进通过组织,因而防止刀片50出现意外或过早致动而通过组织。
如图2和图3最佳所示,钳夹构件40包括绝缘钳夹壳体52和导电表面或密封板54。绝缘体52定尺寸为通过印花、通过包覆成型、通过包覆成型印花的导电密封板和/或通过包覆成型金属注塑密封板从而确保接合导电密封表面54。所有这些制造技术生产具有基本上由绝缘钳夹壳体52围绕的导电表面54的钳夹构件40。钳夹构件40还可以包括一个或多个线导管或通道(未示出),其被设计为允许电导引件与密封表面54电气连接。
钳夹构件42包括与钳夹构件40类似的元件,例如包括绝缘钳夹壳体56和被定尺寸以确保接合绝缘钳夹壳体56的导电密封表面或密封板58。导电表面54、58和绝缘钳夹壳体52、56当组装在一起时包括有通过其限定的用于刀片50往复运动的纵向定向通道48。如上所述,当钳夹构件40和42围绕组织闭合时,刀具通道48允许刀片50朝向远侧纵向延伸从而沿着组织密封切断组织。单一刀具通道,例如48,可以完全地布置在两个钳夹构件中的一个内,例如,根据特定的目的,布置在钳夹构件40或者42内。钳夹构件42相对钳夹构件40以上述相似的方式组装。
钳夹构件42包括布置在导电密封表面56的内表面上的一系列的阻挡件60从而有利于抓住和操纵组织并且在密封和切割组织期间限定了在对置的钳夹构件40和42之间的间隙“G”。用于有效地和可靠地密封组织的在导电密封表面54和58之间的优选的间隙“G”是在约0.001英寸至约0.006英寸之间。依据特定的目的或者为了实现期望的结果,阻挡件60可以应用于钳夹构件40和42两个上或者其中一个上。阻挡件60可以热喷涂在导电密封板58上或者以本领域的任何其它的已知方式熔敷或者粘贴。此外,依据特定的钳夹配置或者期望的手术结果,阻挡件60可以以任何配置沿着导电钳夹表面54和58布置。
电导引件(未示出)运载第一电位至钳夹构件40并且第二电位通过驱动杆46(或者,可选择地,通过上述套筒)传递至钳夹构件42。当致动时,这两个电位通过在导电密封板54和58之间保持的组织以传递电能。
驱动杆46的近侧运动使得钳夹构件40和42枢转到闭合位置。更特别地,一旦致动,手柄32以大体弓形方式朝向固定手柄36运动,这导致往复式驱动杆142在大体近侧方向运动从而闭合钳夹构件40和42。在一个实施例中,手柄32的近侧旋转导致与触发器34相关联的锁定凸缘松开,即,“解锁”,允许刀片50的选择性致动。一旦组织被抓住(在约290kPa至约1570kPa的所需的压力范围中),用户然后选择地施加电动手术能量从而有效密封组织。一旦被密封,用户然后选择地通过致动触发器34使刀片50前进从而沿着组织密封切割组织。在一个实施例中,例如,触发器组件34的致动导致延伸通过轴16并且可操作地联接至刀片50的线缆向远侧运动从而沿着组织密封切割组织。在另一个实施例中,触发器组件包括齿轮装置,齿轮装置将触发器组件的致动转化成贯穿轴16的线缆的旋转运动。
如上所述,参照图2和图3,电动手术装置包括多个关节18a,多个关节18a嵌套串联布置从而形成柔性关节式运动部18。关节式运动部18的远端机械地接合末端执行器12并且关节式运动部18的近端机械地接合轴20。柔性轴18的多个关节18a中的每个均包括远侧关节隆起部18b和与远侧关节隆起部18b一起形成的近侧U形夹18c。每个关节隆起部18b可操作地接合邻近关节18a的U形夹18c。每个关节18a限定了其中形成的中心腔18d和在中心腔18d的两侧上形成的一对对置腔18e。关节式运动线缆38a和38b可滑动地贯穿关节18a的相应腔18e。将在下面参照图7和图8对线缆38a和38b的操作进行详细描述。
如图3所示,末端执行器12包括钳夹支撑构件62,钳夹支撑构件62被配置为枢转地支撑钳夹构件40和42。钳夹支撑构件62限定了在其近端中的腔64和在其远端中的一对间隔臂件66a和66b。腔64被配置和定尺寸为容纳自轴16的关节式运动部18的最远侧的关节18a延伸出的主干杆18f。腔64包括在其表面中的一对对置通道68a和68b,对置通道68a和68b被配置为滑动地容纳刀片50以在其中往复运动。
钳夹40和42通过钳夹枢轴销70枢转地安装在支撑构件62上,钳夹枢轴销70贯穿支撑构件62的臂件66a和66b中形成的孔72和在钳夹构件40和42中形成的相应孔74a、74b。为了使钳夹40和42在打开位置和闭合位置之间运动,具有凸轮销78的轴向或纵向活动中心杆76在中心杆76的远端处安装在钳夹支撑件62之中。凸轮销78进入并且与相应的钳夹构件40和42中形成的成角度凸轮狭槽80a和80b接合使得中心杆76经由驱动杆46的轴向或纵向运动引起钳夹40和42在打开和闭合位置之间进行凸轮运动。
末端执行器12包括键连杆82,键连杆82的远端旋转地连接至中心杆76的近端。键连杆82包括固定连接至驱动杆46的远端的近端,以及布置在远端与近端之间的主体部,其具有非圆形剖面轮廓。
末端执行器12还包括具有通过其限定的腔86的凸轮连接器84,被配置和适用于在其中滑动地容纳键连杆82的主体部。凸轮连接器84包括在其中限定的配合机械接口,为了旋转的目的,其与键连杆82的主体部的外周配置协作从而允许两个半部件的刚性接合,正如将在下面详细描述的。凸轮连接器84还包括在凸轮连接器84的外表面中限定的螺旋的或盘旋的槽88,其配置为机械地接合刀片50的制动突出件90,其目的也将在下面详细解释。凸轮连接器84被配置用于支撑构件62的腔64中的旋转布置。在一个替代实施例中,凸轮连接器84可以由其它的能够将旋转运动转化成线性运动的机构置换(例如,丝杆、一个或多个齿轮以及等同物)。
在操作中,驱动杆46被配置为提供两个不同的和独立的功能:驱动杆46的轴向位移在打开和闭合位置之间致动钳夹构件40和42并且驱动杆46的旋转运动使得刀片50前进通过组织。更特别地,驱动杆46的轴向位移将轴向位移传递至键连杆82,键连杆82转而将轴向位移传递至中心杆76。然而,因为凸轮连接器84滑动地支撑键连杆82,所以没有轴向位移被传递至凸轮连接器84,并且键连杆82能够滑动穿过凸轮连接器84以在中心杆76上传递轴向力。
如自图4至图5的前进中最佳所示,驱动杆46在箭头“F”方向上的近侧平移在凸轮狭槽80a和80b中向近侧推动凸轮销78从而使钳夹构件40和42在必要的闭合压力和必要的间隙“G”范围中围绕组织闭合。在一个替代实施例中(未示出),由驱动杆46致动的功能可以是与使刀片50前进的轴向位移以及打开和闭合钳夹构件40和42的旋转运动是反向的。导电密封板54、58然后被通电以传递电能通过在钳夹构件40和42之间保持的组织。
一旦正确的组织密封形成,组织可以沿着组织密封被切断。而且,一个或多个安全特征可以被应用于确保在切割组织之前正确的密封已经形成。例如,发电机可以包括安全闭锁器,除非正确和有效的密封已经形成,安全闭锁器电气地或者机电地防止刀片50的致动。如上所述,同样重要的是应当注意,血管或组织密封不是简单地凝结组织而是需要压力、能量和间隙“G”的精确的控制从而有效密封组织。
如上所述,当经由触发器34致动时,本公开包含的刀片50沿着理想的组织平面以精确的方式逐步地和选择地分割组织从而有效地和可靠地将组织分割成两个密封半部。刀片50允许用户在密封之后立刻地快速地分离组织而不用代入切割器械通过插管或套针口。
可以想到的是,刀片50还可以联接至相同的或替代的电动手术能量源从而有利于沿着组织密封分离组织。此外,可以想到的是,依据特定的目的刀片50的刀尖的角度可以定尺寸为提供或多或少主动的切割角度。例如,刀片50可以以减少与切割相关的“组织缕”的角度定位。此外,依据特定的目的或者为实现特定的结果,刀片50可以被设计为具有不同的刀片几何形状例如锯齿状、凹口状、多孔状、开槽状、凹形、凸形等。可以想到的是,刀片50一般以渐进的、单向方式(即,在远侧运动时)切割。如上所述,驱动杆执行两个功能,打开和闭合钳夹构件40和42并且使刀片50前进而切断组织。为了切断组织,驱动杆46的旋转将旋转传递至键连杆82,键连杆82转而将旋转传递至凸轮连接器84。键连杆82的远端被允许在中心杆76的近侧部中旋转。因此在其远端处连接至凸轮销78的中心杆76不会旋转。
末端执行器12可操作地联接至刀片50,刀片50滑动地支撑在支撑构件62的相应的通道68a和68b中。更特别地,刀片50包括在其远端处的尖锐状或锯齿状边缘和自锯齿状边缘朝向近侧的一对导向凸缘。刀片50的近端包括突出件90,其被配置为接合在凸轮连接器84中限定的螺旋的或盘旋的槽88并且在其中行进。
在操作中,如图6所示,当凸轮连接器84在箭头“C”的方向上旋转时,近端90在凸轮连接器84的槽88中行进并且相对于槽88在轴向方向“A”上运动。凸轮连接器84的在一个方向上的旋转朝向远侧推动刀片50通过钳夹构件40和/或42中的刀具通道48从而切断布置在钳夹构件40和42之间的组织。在相反方向上的旋转向近侧推动近端90从而使得刀片50缩回到最近侧的位置。弹簧可操作地与凸轮连接器84连接从而在最近侧的方向上使刀片50偏置。
如上所述,末端执行器12可选择地进行关节式运动。更特别地,如图7所示,在末端执行器12处于轴向对齐的情况下,为了使末端执行器组件12进行关节式运动,来自主体14的至少一根可操作的关节式运动线缆38a、38b被应用。每根关节式运动线缆38a、38b均包括与末端执行器12可操作地连接的远端和可操作地连接到至少一个控制元件如驱动电动机的近端,将在下面进行详细描述。在一个使用两根关节式运动线缆38a、38b的实例中,控制元件的运动导致第一关节式运动线缆38a的运动,其中第一关节式运动线缆38a在第一方向上的运动引起末端执行器12在第一方向上的关节式运动。同样地,第二关节式运动线缆38b在第二方向上的运动导致末端执行器12在第二方向上的关节式运动。这里一般被称作双线关节式运动系统和方法。
更特别地,参照图7和图8,当第二关节式运动线缆38b(即,如图7和图8所示的下关节式运动线缆)在如图8的箭头“D”所示的近侧方向上撤回时,固定至关节式运动部18的最远侧的关节18a的关节式运动线缆38b的远端引起关节18a围绕关节隆起部18b与U形夹18c之间的接口旋转,因此引起沿侧表面的在关节隆起部18b与U形夹18c之间限定的间隙收缩。如此,末端执行器12在向下的方向上,在箭头“B”的方向上,即在相对纵轴线的横向方向上进行关节式运动。为了使末端执行器组件12返回至非关节式运动状态或者使末端执行器组件12在相反的方向上进行关节式运动,关节式运动线缆38a(即,如图7和图8所示的上关节式运动线缆)必须在近侧方向上撤回并且施加到关节式运动线缆38b的力必须松开从而允许末端执行器组件12在相反的方向上运动。
多个手柄和/或手柄组件可操作地与末端执行器12连接或者相关联以便实现末端执行器12的多个部件,即驱动线缆46和/或关节式运动线缆38a、38b的操作和运动。
在一个预想的实施例中,刀片50可以不被包含在内窥镜装置10中,而该装置可以设计为仅用于密封血管或其它的组织束。
可选择的双线末端执行器组件和驱动机构在图9至图13中示出。上述的末端执行器12和关节式运动部18的许多前述特征类似于末端执行器112和关节式运动部118的特征,为了一致性的目的,这些特征因此以更加简要的形式包含在下面的描述中。
末端执行器112包括对置的钳夹构件140和142,为了密封的目的,钳夹构件140和142协作从而有效地抓紧组织。末端执行器112被设计为单侧组件,即,钳夹构件142相对关节式运动部118固定并且钳夹构件140围绕枢轴销144枢转从而抓紧组织。
如图10所示,往复式套筒200滑动地布置在关节式运动部118中并且通过驱动组件(未示出)遥控操作。枢转钳夹构件140包括突出件202,突出件202自钳夹构件140延伸通过布置在往复式套筒200(图10、11)中的孔204。枢转钳夹构件140由滑动套筒200在联接部206中轴向地致动使得孔204的远端在枢转钳夹构件140上紧靠突出件202(见图11)。为了抓紧的目的,朝向近侧拉动套筒200使得钳夹构件140和142围绕其间抓紧的组织闭合,而朝向远侧推动套筒200使得钳夹构件140和142相对彼此打开。
末端执行器112可以构造为使得电能能够被定路径为通过套筒200至与套筒200接触的突出件202,或者当钳夹构件140闭合时使用“电刷”或杠杆(未示出)从而接触活动钳夹构件140的后面。在这例子中,电能会定路径为通过突出件202至钳夹构件140或者142中的一个。可选择地,电导引件(未示出)可以定路径为给钳夹构件中的一个,例如钳夹构件140通电,并且其它的电位可以经由具有导引件208(见图11)的电接触件传导通过套筒200并且被传递至枢转钳夹构件140,当套筒200回缩时枢转钳夹构件140建立了电气连接。
钳夹构件140和142包括与如上所述钳夹构件40和42类似的元件,例如钳夹绝缘体152、156和相应的导电密封表面或密封板154和158。钳夹构件142还包括一系列的布置在导电密封表面158的内表面上的阻挡件160从而有利于组织的抓紧和操纵,并且在组织的密封和/或切割期间限定对置的钳夹构件140和142之间的间隙“G”。可以想到的是,依据钳夹的特定的目的或实现期望的结果,该系列的阻挡件160可以以多种配置应用在钳夹构件140和142中的一个或两个上。阻挡件160使得钳夹构件140和142绝缘以在钳夹之间没有组织的情况下防止短路和闭合回路。
末端执行器112可以从轴向对齐的状态进行关节式运动到关节式运动状态。为了使得末端执行器112经由与上述关节式运动配置类似的关节式运动配置118进行关节式运动,两根关节式运动线缆138a和138b可以被用于使关节式运动部118进行关节式运动。如图11最佳示出,每根关节式运动线缆138a和138b均包括可操作地与末端执行器112连接的远端210a和210b,联接组件206布置在关节式运动部118的远端处。联接组件206包括在其中限定的腔212,其配置为容纳通过驱动杆146接合的一系列的机械交互协作元件214以用于在其中的往复运动以及引导各种电连接线至钳夹构件140和142。驱动杆146优选地由柔性的减阻材料制成从而当轴120的关节式运动部118进行关节式运动时允许驱动杆146在给定的方向上弯曲。减阻材料减小关节式运动期间的翘曲。
联接组件206包括一对衬套216和218,衬套216和218经由销220将驱动杆146的远端接合和固定至驱动套筒200。衬套216被配置为接合衬套218并且固定其间的驱动杆146的远端。销220将所固定的衬套216和218以及驱动杆146联接至驱动套筒200。当驱动组件(未示出)进行关节式运动时,驱动套筒200(和所固定的驱动杆146)被容纳于腔212中以在其中滑动平移。
联接组件206还包括锁定元件222,其配置为接合钳夹构件142的近端从而以相对钳夹构件140固定的关系锁定联接组件206(和驱动杆146)以限制其间的任何的旋转运动。如上所述,驱动杆146的在远侧方向上的纵向平移引起驱动套筒200在联接组件206中纵向运动并且实现钳夹构件140的打开和闭合。联接组件206还包括远侧凸缘224,远侧凸缘224一旦被组装到连接后的两个钳夹构件140、142上就经由销226将下钳夹构件142支撑到联接组件206。如图11最佳所示,联接组件206也支撑在导引件208与驱动套筒200之间的电连接线。此外,联接组件206还引导电导引件228(在图12中的虚线示出)通过以连接至钳夹构件140。如上详细描述,根据本公开的一个实施例,在典型的射频能量系统中,导引件208和228中的一个可以用作激活电极,而另一个可以用作复原电极(returnelectrode)。
在操作中,如图13最佳所示,为了使关节式运动部118进行关节式运动,当一根线缆138a在P1的方向上被拉动时,另一根线缆138b在P2的方向上被推动(或者松弛)从而允许关节式运动部118在给定的方向上进行关节式运动。与上面的图2和图3类似,关节式运动部118包括多个嵌套串联布置的关节118a。远端可以直接地或者经由联接组件206机械地接合末端执行器112,而近端接合轴120(与上面相对于图1至图8中描述的布置类似)。关节式运动部118的多个关节118a中的每一个均包括远侧关节隆起部118b和与远侧关节隆起部118b一起形成的近侧U形夹118c。每个关节隆起部118b均可操作地接合邻近关节118a的U形夹118c。每个关节118a具有在其中限定的中心腔118d和在中心腔118d两侧上形成的一对对置腔118e。关节式运动线缆138a和138b可滑动地贯穿关节118a的相应的腔118e。关节式运动线缆138a和138b优选地由柔性的减阻材料制成。
可以想到的是,安全机构或回路(未示出)可以被应用使得钳夹构件140和142不能被通电除非它们被闭合和/或除非钳夹构件140和142具有在其间保持的组织。在稍后的例子中,传感器(未示出)可以被用于判定组织是否保持在其间。此外,其它的传感器机构可以应用于判定手术前、手术中(即,手术期间)和/或手术后状态。传感器机构也可以与联接至电动手术发电机的闭环反馈系统一起使用从而基于一个或多个手术前、手术中和/或手术后状态来调整电动手术能量。序列号为10/427,832的美国专利申请描述了一个这样的反馈系统,该申请的全部内容通过引用结合于此。
从前述的内容并且参照各种附图,本领域的技术人员将领会的是,也能够在不偏离本公开的范围的情况下对本公开做出特定的修改。例如,可以想到的是,电动手术装置(和/或与其一起使用的电动手术发电机)可以包括自动选择电动手术能量的适当的量的传感器或反馈机构(未示出)从而有效密封在钳夹构件140和142之间抓紧的特定大小的组织。传感器或反馈机构也可以在密封期间测量穿过组织的阻抗并且提供有效的密封已经在钳夹构件140和142之间产生的指示(可视的和/或可听的)。这种传感器系统的实例在于2003年5月1日提交的序列号为10/427,832的共有的美国专利申请“METHODANDSYSTEMFORCONTROLLINGOUTPUTOFRFMEDICALGENERATOR(用于控制射频医疗发电机的输出的方法和系统)”中描述,该申请的全部内容通过引用结合于此。
在涉及末端执行器12和112的实施例中,钳夹构件40、42及140、142各自的导电密封表面54、154及58、158均是相对平的从而避免在尖锐缘处的电流集中并且从而避免高点之间的电弧放电。此外由于当接合时的组织的反作用力,钳夹构件40、42和140、142能够被制造为抗弯曲。例如,钳夹构件40、42和140、142沿其宽度可以是抗由于组织的反作用力产生的弯曲的锥形。实际上,在一些情况下,锥形状加强目测并且允许比具有恒定剖面的钳夹更大的弯曲半径。
可以想到的是,末端执行器12、112的外表面可以包括镍基材料的、涂层的、印花的金属注模,其被设计为减少在致动和密封期间的钳夹构件40、42与140、142之间与周围组织的粘附。此外,也可以预计的是,钳夹构件40、42和140、142各自的导电表面54、58和154、158可以由下面材料中的一种(或者多种的组合)制成:镍铬合金、氮化铬、由俄亥俄州的ElectrolizingCorporation制造的MedCoat2000、铬镍铁合金600和锡镍。组织导电表面54、58和154、158也可以涂敷有一种或多种上述的材料从而实现相同的结果,即,“非粘附表面”。正如能够领会的是,减少密封期间的组织“粘附”的量可以提高器械整体的功效。
这里公开的一种特定种类的材料已经证明具有优良的非粘附特性,并且在一些情况下具有优良的密封质量。例如,氮化物涂层包括但不限于:TiN、ZrN、TiAIN和CrN均是为了非粘附目的的优选的材料。CrN由于其自身综合表面特性和最佳性能已经被证明对于非粘附是特别有用的。其它种类的材料也已经证明能够减少整体粘附。例如,具有近似为5:1的镍/铬比率的高镍/铬合金已经被证明能够显著减少双极器械中的粘附。该种类中的一种特别有用的非粘附材料是铬镍铁合金600。由镍200、镍201(~100%镍)制成或者涂敷有镍200、镍201(~100%镍)的具有密封表面54、58和154、158的双极器械也在典型的双极不锈钢电极上显示出改进的非粘附性能。
包括末端执行器12和112(全部具有或者没有关节式运动部18、118和轴3、103)的内窥镜装置10可以被设计为依据特定的目的或者实现特定的结果使得它们是全部或者部分用后可弃的。例如,末端执行器12、112可选择地和可释放地与关节式运动部18、118的远端接合,和/或轴3、103的近端可选择地和可释放地与内窥镜装置10的壳体14接合。在这两个例子中,内窥镜装置10被认为是“部分用后可弃的”或者“用后可弃的”,即,按照需求新的或者不同的末端执行器组件12、112可选择地替代旧的末端执行器组件12、112。正如能够领会的是,目前公开的电连接线将要被改变以将器械修改成用后可弃设计。
如上所述,电动手术装置的关节式运动部18、118的其它的控制方法在序列号为2009/0054734和2010/0179540的共同转让的美国公开专利申请中是已知的并且被描述,这两个申请的全部内容通过引用结合于此。与上面详细描述的系统对比,这里所体现的这些控制系统合并有这里被称作的四线系统。使用四根导线的结果是,这些系统能够更接近近似真实的腕关节式运动。采用所述系统的装置能够不仅使末端执行器在单一平面上进行关节式运动然后使整个轴旋转,而且实际上能够使末端执行器在多个平面上进行关节式运动(例如上下和左右以及它们的任意组合)。当组合使用时能够使末端执行器旋转使得它们能够接近模仿在人类腕上看到的自由度。
当这些四线控制系统应用与上述双线系统非常相似的特征时,在可能的程度下相似的标记将用于描述内窥镜装置10的控制和关节式运动。
图14示出了轴216和末端执行器212的立体图。轴216包括关节式运动部218和非关节式运动部220。如上所述非关节式运动部220可以显示出各种构造,例如,非关节式运动部220可以由基本上刚性套管或柔性套管(例如,塑料)形成,或者非关节式运动部220可以由柔性套管与硬化元件的合成(例如编织钢的套管)而形成,从而提供轴向的(例如,压缩)和旋转的强度。在其它的实施例中,非关节式运动部220可以是由塑性变形材料构造。在一些实施例中,非关节式运动部220显示了足够低的允许外科医生在手术操作之前或期间对非关节式运动部320预先成形或者再成形从而适应手术部位的外形和特性的抗挠刚度。一旦成形,非关节式运动部220可以限定非对齐配置,其中非关节式运动部220的纵轴线没有对齐关节式运动部218的纵轴线。非关节式运动部220还显示了在内窥镜器械10的正常手术使用期间足够维持非对齐配置的形状和方向的轴向刚度。
如图15所示,轴216的关节式运动部218可以包括布置在多个连接件218a、218b上的外壳或绝缘材料400。连接件218a和218b配置为彼此相对枢转从而允许轴216的关节式运动部218相对其纵轴线进行关节式运动。在一个实施例中,连接件218a和218b彼此嵌套接合从而允许在两个正交平面上的响应于关节式运动控制系统(未示出)的运动的关节式运动部218的枢转运动。
连接件218a在构造上类似于连接件218b,每个连接件218a、218b均显示一对远侧关节隆起部218c和与远侧关节隆起部218c一起形成的一对对置的近侧U形夹218d。然而,连接件218a定位为相对于邻近的连接件218b径向偏移90°。连接件218a、218b的这种交错定向有利于末端执行器212在正交平面上的关节式运动。连接件218a的水平关节隆起部218c限定了水平枢转轴线P1。因此连接件218a的关节隆起部218c可操作地接合邻近连接件218b的对应的U形夹218d从而有利于末端执行器212在箭头“U、D”(图16)方向上的关节式运动。同样地,连接件218b的关节隆起部218c限定垂直枢转轴线P2以便关节隆起部218b可操作地接合邻近连接件218a的对应的U形夹218d从而有利于末端执行器212在箭头“R、L”(如图17、图18所示)方向上的关节式运动。
每个连接件218a和218b均包括纵向贯穿的中心腔218e。中心腔218a允许各种致动器的通过,例如,驱动杆246、刀杆250以及其它的通过细长轴216的部件。连接件218a、218b还限定自中心腔218e径向向外形成的两对对置腔218f和218g。在连接件218a上的腔218f和218g的每个与邻近的腔218f和218g径向间隔90°以便每个腔218f与邻近的连接件218b的腔218g对齐。腔218f和218g协作限定纵向腔从而允许四根转向线缆238a、238b、238c以及238d通过细长轴216的关节式运动部218。差别张力被传递至四根转向线缆238a至238d从而调整如下所述的轴216的关节式运动部218的方向。
连接件支撑402包括与连接件218a定向类似的一对远侧关节隆起部218c从而与尾端连接件218b接合。连接件支撑402的近端可以固定安装至外壳400,其在一个实施例中仅延伸经过细长轴216的近侧部220,然而,在进一步的实施例中,外壳400既延伸经过轴216的关节式运动部218又延伸经过近侧部220。外壳400一般是柔性的从而允许近侧部220自由地挠曲和弯曲。末端执行器支撑件404可以包括近端上的定向类似于连接件218a上的U形夹的一对U形夹218d从而接收首端连接件218的关节隆起部218c。
四根转向线缆238a至238d可以基本上是弹性的并且可滑动地贯穿在连接件218a和218b中限定的腔对218f和218g。转向线缆238a至238d中的每个的远端联接至末端执行器支撑件404。更具体地,每根转向线缆238a至238d均包括在远端处的球状机械接口,即,接口238a’至238d’。每个接口238a’至238d’均被配置为固定匹配在末端执行器支撑件404中限定的对应的凹槽中。接口238a'接合凹槽406a,接口238b’接合凹槽406b,并且接口238c’和238d’接合末端执行器支撑件404上的相似的凹槽。
转向线缆238a至238d的近端可操作地联接至下面描述的关节式运动控制器。转向线缆238a至238d通过在轴220的近侧部中限定的一系列的通路贯穿轴220的近侧部。更特别地,十字形线缆导向转接器408和导向转接器衬垫或垫圈410包括通过其限定的内孔而为了通入轴220的近侧部起初以彼此相对90°定向线缆238a至238d。转接器408也有利于轴220的近侧部联接至壳体14(图1)。轴220的近侧部包括在其中限定的分别定向线缆238a至238d的通路412a至412d,以容纳到连接件218a和218b的腔218f、218g中从而如上所述最终连接至末端执行器支撑件404。
中心导向管414被设置为定向驱动杆246和刀杆416通过轴216以最终连接至钳夹构件240和刀具250。中心导向管414也可以引导提供电动手术能量给钳夹构件240、242的电导引件416。中心导向管414被定尺寸为容纳在轴216的近侧部220中,并且可以从那儿向远侧延伸进入连接件218a和218b中限定的中心腔218e。一根或多根转向线缆例如238a包括电连接至末端执行器支撑件404并依次连接至钳夹构件240的远侧部238a’。回路(即,接地路径)通过钳夹构件240和242之间捕捉的组织以通过钳夹构件240提供电动手术能量因此建立。
中心挤压件或导向套管414由高柔性和光滑的材料构成并且执行多个重要功能:导向套管414将驱动杆246、刀杆418和电导引件416从导向转接器408、轴216的近侧部220和关节式运动部218引导至末端执行器支撑件404和刀片50;导向套管414提供组成零件之间的电绝缘;套管414保持导引件416与杆246和418在相对运动时的分离;套管414使得摩擦和夹紧力损失最小化;并且套管414保持导引件416和杆246和418接近中心纵轴线从而使得关节式运动期间的拉伸最小化。套管414(和内腔)可以由如聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、石墨或者其他润滑剂等材料制成或者包括这些材料从而使得摩擦和其它的与组成零件的相对运动相关的常见损失最小化。可选择地,同轴结构(未示出)可以用于引导驱动杆246和刀杆418。
一个或多个远侧导向板420和转接器422也可以用于进一步对齐驱动杆246和刀杆418并且有利于钳夹构件240和242的致动。更具体地,驱动杆246的对齐有利于打开和闭合钳夹构件240、242。套筒424包括孔426以接合钳夹构件240的凸缘428以便套筒424的轴向运动推动钳夹构件240围绕枢轴销430旋转并且夹紧组织。套筒424连接至转接器422,转接器422经由线波纹件(wirecrimp)432固定其中的驱动杆246。驱动杆246在其远端具有平面从而增强对线波纹件432的联接。通过致动活动手柄32(图1),驱动杆246收回套筒424从而围绕组织闭合钳夹构件240。向近侧拉动套筒424闭合其间抓紧组织的钳夹构件240和242,而为了抓紧的目的向远侧推动套筒424打开钳夹构件240和242。末端执行器212设计为单侧组件,即,钳夹构件242相对轴216固定并且钳夹构件240围绕枢轴销430枢转从而抓紧组织。钳夹构件242、240的其它特征、它们的构造和制造方法、它们的电连接和绝缘特性、刀具通道的使用以及维持正确间隙的方法类似于上述的相对于双线控制系统所述的那些方法并且并入相关联的四线设计如同在这里重新说明。
用于内窥镜装置10的双线和四线关节式运动系统的各种方案已经在这里描述,下面的描述大体涉及用于有效的电动手术装置的单手操作的机动控制系统。所述操作应当包括单手抓紧组织、在至少两个平面上的末端执行器的关节式运动、激活电动手术能量的使用并且在适当的情况下刀具的激活以切割由电动手术能量密封的组织。
如上所述,图1示出了转向单元22。图19示出了转向单元22的主要部件。转向单元22容纳在壳体或主体14中并且安装在托架502上,托架502整体连接至壳体或主体14。轴20连接至并且在一个实施例中形成为与内壳体504a和504b一起的集成单元,并且连接至直齿轮506。在一个实施例中,集成单元相对壳体14是可旋转的,使得轴20、内壳体504a至504b以及直齿轮506能够围绕轴线“z”旋转。轴20和集成的内壳体504a至504b通过轴承508、510和512径向支撑。
在一个实施例中,电动机514R包括将机械运动转换成电信号并且提供反馈给控制系统24的编码器。进一步地,电动机514R(如果用于感应轴20和末端执行器12的旋转,R表示该电动机)可以包括可选变速箱以用于增加或减少安装在由电动机514R驱动的轴上的附属直齿轮515的旋转速度。电动机514LR(LR是指关节式运动部18的左右运动)和514UD(是指关节式运动部18的上下运动)均任选地包括编码器和变速箱。各自的直齿轮516和518上下和左右驱动转向线缆,这将在下面进行详细的描述。所有三种电动机514R、514LR以及514UD均固定联接至静止框架502,从而防止它们的旋转并且使得通过电动机驱动直齿轮515、516以及518。
图21和22示出了引起关节式运动部18以及与其一起的末端执行器12进行关节式运动的机构的细节。具体地,下面描述了在本发明的一个方案中设想的上下关节式运动的方式。独立的或与电动机514UD连接以驱动直齿轮506的所述系统会在如上所述的双线系统中完成关节式运动。然而,在想到四线系统的情况下,与之相同的马上在后面描述的第二系统能够应用于驱动左右线缆。因此,为方便理解,这里仅描述其中一种系统,本领域的技术人员将容易理解在四线系统中采用第二所述系统。
正如在上述的系统中,为实现关节式运动部18和与关节式运动部18一起的末端执行器12的上下关节式运动,可以使用转向线缆38a、38b、138a、138b或者238a、238b。为方便理解,下面将仅参照上述关节式运动系统中的一种,但是这里可以应用任何其它的系统而不偏离本发明的范围。转向线缆38a、38b的远端借助上述的方法联接至末端执行器的近端、或在末端执行器的近端处、或者在末端执行器的近端附近。转向线缆38a、38b的近端联接至柱件520a和520b的远侧末端。如图21所示,柱件520a和520b在相反的方向上纵向往复运动。柱件520a的运动引起一根转向线缆38a延长,并且同时柱件520b的相反的纵向运动引起线缆38b有效地缩短。转向线缆38a、38b的有效长度的改变的组合效果是引起形成轴16的关节式运动部18的关节18a在一侧被压缩(其中线缆38b缩短),并且在另一侧延长(其中转向线缆38a延长)。这将通过上述的集成的关节隆起部和U形夹实现。
柱件520a、520b在内部形成的内部框架504c上滑动并且与外壳504a结合。内部框架504c和柱件520两者都优选地由弹性的、无约束的、低摩擦的类型材料制成从而促进柱件520a、520b沿内部框架504c的对应的和协作的部分的高效率的和光滑的移动。
对置的柱件520a和520b至少在它们的近端处各自具有内部的左旋和右旋螺纹。如图22所示,两个螺纹轴522a和522b容纳在外壳504b中,一个是左旋螺纹而另一个是右旋螺纹,与柱件520a和520b对应和匹配。轴522a和522b具有螺旋进入柱件520a和520b的内部的远端以及与直齿轮524a和524b一起的近端。
轴522a和522b围绕它们的轴线自由旋转。直齿轮524a和524b接合行星齿轮526的内齿。行星齿轮526的外齿接合在电动机514UD的近端上的直齿轮518的齿。
为使得末端执行器12在向上的方向上进行关节式运动,用户或外科医生经由致动开关30启动电动机514UD使得直齿轮518旋转,直齿轮518转而驱动行星齿轮526。行星齿轮526通过内齿轮524a和524b连接至轴522a和522b。行星齿轮526将引起齿轮524a和524b在相同的方向上旋转。轴522a和522b是带螺纹的,并且它们的旋转通过柱件520a和520b的内部形成的匹配螺纹转换成柱件520a和520b的线性运动。然而,因为柱件520a的内螺纹与柱件520b的内螺纹相反,当行星齿轮526旋转时,一个柱件将向远侧移动而一个柱件将向近侧移动(即,在相反的方向上)。因此向近侧拉动上线缆38a从而提升末端执行器,而下线缆38b必须松弛。如上所述,使用电动机514LR、其直齿轮516、第二行星齿轮526和第二套螺纹轴522和柱件520以及另外两根转向线缆38,该相同的系统能够用于控制末端执行器的左右运动。此外,通过一致动作,应用四根转向线缆的系统通过具有三个电动机514及其连接的齿轮装置和转向线缆38、由控制单元24控制的计算机能够接近人类腕的运动。所述系统将在下面进行详细描述。
在使用中,如果末端执行器12已经进行关节式运动使得其处于向上的位置,例如,自其纵轴线弯曲近似90°,然后电动机514R通电,然后轴3将旋转并且关节式运动末端将开始移动至其初始位置的左边或右边位置。在一些例子中,所述旋转将是外科医生所期望的。然而,在其他的条件下所述旋转将不是期望的,或者在更加复杂的操作的执行中,期望的是维持末端执行器的位置的一些方向并且使得关节式运动部18能够腕状运动而不改变末端执行器12的方向,或许在被执行之前启动一些取决于关节式运动部18的重新定位的随后的动作。为了完成本公开的方案,所有三个电动机514R、514LR以及514UD的动作必须通过控制系统24同步。
在同步模式中,当电动机514R使得轴3旋转具体的角度增量,该增量由电动机编码器识别并且被发送至控制单元24。控制单元24计算校正增量并且下命令给电动机514UD、514LR以根据需要拉紧和放松它们各自的转向线缆38以便当关节式运动部旋转至期望的由电动机514R的总旋转限定的位置时,末端执行器12仍然是处于上升的位置。
如上所述,控制单元24包括:处理单元,(例如,微型控制器);用户接口,外科医生通过该用户接口指定期望的动作;以及电动机接口。用户接口接收来自致动开关30的用户命令,致动开关30可以是定向按钮、操纵杆例如按动操纵杆、触发器、压力传感器、开关、轨迹球、标度盘、光学传感器以及它们的任意组合。处理单元通过发送控制信号至电动机514而响应用户命令。电动机514的编码器提供关于电动机514目前的状态的反馈给处理单元24。
一种被用于当旋转轴16时维持末端执行器12的位置的算法结合到存储在控制单元24的存储部的软件中。因此末端执行器12能够在正交平面上通过应用不同的转向线缆的电动机位置进行腕式旋转。如上所述,由独立的步进电动机控制的多平面关节式运动和旋转能够导致多个末端运动,所有这些能够由控制系统24同步,控制系统24例如是微处理器。为了使运动类型清楚易懂,额外的坐标系统被认为是有用的。
如图23所示,第一系统XYZ是静止的,轴线X基本上对齐轴16的非关节式运动部20的中心轴线。另外示出了平面P,其与末端执行器12的固定钳夹42的夹紧表面对齐,点A位于末端执行器12的中心轴线上,并且轴线“U”与末端执行器12的中心轴线对齐。
在操作中,在平面P(固定钳夹42的夹紧表面)基本上与平面XZ正交时,电动机514LR独立作动能够使得末端执行器12在XY平面向左或向右进行关节式运动。在平面P基本上与平面XZ正交时,电动机514UD独立作动能够使得末端执行器12在平面XZ上向上向下进行关节式运动。因此,在平面P大体定向为正交于平面XZ时,独立操作电动机514UD和514LR,用户能够在三维空间中使得末端关节式运动至期望的位置。
然而,当由电动机514UD和514LR同时(或者以协作的方式)驱动并且由控制系统24(微处理器)控制时,末端执行器12的同步三维关节式运动允许末端执行器12的运动使得末端能够沿规定路径运动。例如当平面P仍然大体正交于平面XZ时,末端能够以逆时针方向沿圆周进行关节式运动。
可选择地,同步运动能够结合由电动机54R传递的旋转运动,电动机54R使得关节式运动轴16顺时针旋转。根据本公开的一个方案,电动机514UD和514LR能够同时(或者以协作的方式)使得末端执行器12逆时针方向以上述的方式进行关节式运动从而使旋转运动无效。结果是,末端执行器12的点A将停止移动,然而,末端执行器12以及平面P和固定钳夹42的平表面将环绕轴线“U”旋转。这种被称作腕式旋转的运动允许用户在选择的关节式运动位置上使得钳夹旋转。根据本公开所述腕式旋转被实现而不需要末端执行器12相对轴16的剩余部分的机械旋转连接并且如果供应电能给钳夹在该区域不需要滑环。
进一步地,通过使用电动机514R使轴16旋转并且在电动机514UD和514LR同步运动时补偿往复式柱件520的“反向驱动”,轴的纯粹的旋转运动(其中平面P环绕轴线X旋转)能够实现。正如所看到的,所提出的系统允许能够由手持装置或者机械臂执行的远侧末端的宽范围的运动。
尽管这里公开了一种手持电动手术装置,本领域的技术人员将会容易理解的是,这里公开的方法和机构可以容易地应用于机械手术装置中的部件的使用,其中电动手术装置被握住或并入遥控操作手术臂中。
尽管本公开的多个实施例已经在附图中示出,本公开并不意图受限于此,而是本公开意图是如本领域将允许的和说明书中同样阅读的范围一样广泛。因此,上面的说明不应当被解释为限制,而仅是特定实施例的例证。本领域的技术人员将会想到在附属权利要求的范围和精神内的其他的修改。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于处理组织的手术器械,包括:
壳体,具有自其延伸的轴,所述轴至少包括关节式运动部和末端执行器;
第一外壳,其连接至所述轴的近端并且能够与所述轴的近端一起旋转;
内部框架,其容纳于所述第一外壳内;
多个柱件,其由所述内部框架支撑,并且所述多个柱件在其远端连接到至少一根驱动线,在其近端连接到螺纹轴;
第二外壳,其连接至所述第一外壳并且能够与所述第一外壳一起旋转,所述第二外壳容纳所述螺纹轴;
用于驱动第一齿轮的第一电动机,所述第一齿轮与所述螺纹轴接合使得多个螺纹轴中的第一对在相同的方向上旋转;
用于驱动第二齿轮的第二电动机,所述第二齿轮使得所连接的自所述壳体延伸的轴和所述第一外壳及所述第二外壳围绕公共轴线旋转;
其中在第一方向上驱动所述第一齿轮使得所述关节式运动部在第一平面上进行关节式运动。
2.根据权利要求1所述的手术器械,还包括驱动第三齿轮的第三电动机,所述第三齿轮在相同的方向上至少驱动所述多个螺纹轴中的第二对,其中在第一方向上驱动所述第三齿轮使得所述关节式运动部在第二平面上进行关节式运动。
3.根据权利要求2所述的手术器械,其中每对所述螺纹轴包括一个左旋螺纹轴和一个右旋螺纹轴。
4.根据权利要求2所述的手术器械,其中所述第一齿轮和所述第三齿轮与行星齿轮接合从而驱动它们各自的螺纹轴对。
5.根据权利要求4所述的手术器械,其中每个螺纹轴均包括由所述行星齿轮的内齿轮齿所驱动的直齿轮。
6.根据权利要求2所述的手术器械,还包括控制系统。
7.根据权利要求6所述的手术器械,其中所述控制系统至少包括一个处理器和用于存储控制算法的一个存储器。
8.根据权利要求7所述的手术器械,其中所述第一电动机、所述第二电动机和所述第三电动机包括编码器,其向所述电动机的机械运动的所述控制系统提供反馈。
9.根据权利要求8所述的手术器械,还包括用户输入端,其提供期望的末端执行器运动数据给所述控制系统,其中所述控制系统解析输入的末端执行器运动数据并且根据所述末端执行器运动数据发信号给所述第一电动机、所述第二电动机和所述第三电动机中的一个或多个。
10.根据权利要求9所述的手术器械,还包括存储在所述存储器上的控制算法,其用于响应于所述输入的末端执行器运动数据而控制所述末端执行器的运动。
11.根据权利要求10所述的手术器械,其中所述算法和所述控制系统使得所述第一电动机、所述第二电动机和所述第三电动机的运动同步,并且使得所述末端执行器和所述关节式运动部能够在多个平面中同时运动。
12.根据权利要求9所述的手术器械,其中所述用户输入端选自由按钮、触发器、操纵杆、压力传感器、开关、轨迹球、标度盘、光学传感器及其它们的任意结合而构成的组。
13.根据权利要求2所述的手术器械,还包括电动手术能量源,所述电动手术能量源提供能量给可操作地连接到所述末端执行器的一个或多个密封板。
14.根据权利要求13所述的手术器械,其中当活动手柄作动时所述末端执行器能够从打开位置运动到闭合位置,并且防止施加电动手术能量直到所述末端执行器已经运动到所述闭合位置。
15.根据权利要求13所述的手术器械,还包括刀具,其用于在通过施加电动手术能量而在所述组织中形成密封之后切断组织。
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US9198718B2 (en) 2015-12-01
US20160066982A1 (en) 2016-03-10
US20150157394A1 (en) 2015-06-11
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