CN102497826B - 超声外科器械 - Google Patents

超声外科器械 Download PDF

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CN102497826B
CN102497826B CN201080037744.0A CN201080037744A CN102497826B CN 102497826 B CN102497826 B CN 102497826B CN 201080037744 A CN201080037744 A CN 201080037744A CN 102497826 B CN102497826 B CN 102497826B
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piezoelectric element
transducer
waveguide
end effector
strain
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CN102497826A (zh
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A·K·马丹
S·D·比亚尔克扎克
K·L·豪瑟
S·A·尼尔德
A·C·沃埃格尔
万山
F·B·斯图伦
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Ethicon Endo Surgery Inc
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    • A61B8/4483—Constructional features of the ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic diagnostic device characterised by features of the ultrasound transducer
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    • B06B1/02—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy
    • B06B1/06—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction
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    • A61B2017/00398—Details of actuation of instruments, e.g. relations between pushing buttons, or the like, and activation of the tool, working tip, or the like using powered actuators, e.g. stepper motors, solenoids
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    • A61B2017/320069—Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic for ablating tissue
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    • A61B2017/320088—Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic with acoustic insulation, e.g. elements for damping vibrations between horn and surrounding sheath
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    • A61B2018/00571—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body for achieving a particular surgical effect
    • A61B2018/00607—Coagulation and cutting with the same instrument
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

在一总体方面，各种实施例涉及一种包括换能器的超声外科器械，所述换能器能够沿着纵向轴线生成预定频率的振动。在多个实施例中，超声刀沿着纵向轴线延伸并连接到换能器。在多个实施例中，超声刀包括具有近端和远端的主体，其中所述远端能够通过换能器所生成的振动来相对于所述纵向轴线运动。

Description

超声外科器械
背景技术
本发明总体涉及超声外科器械。包括空芯器械和实芯器械在内的超声器械用于安全有效地治疗许多病症。超声器械，尤其是实芯超声器械是有利的，因为它们可以向外科手术末端执行器传输超声频率的机械振动，以这种形式的能量切割和/或凝结有机组织。当以合适的能量级传输至有机组织并且使用合适的末端执行器时，超声振动可用于切割、解剖、拉升或烧灼组织或用于使肌肉组织与骨骼分离。由于通过波导管从超声转换器可传输至外科手术末端执行器的超声能量的量，使用实芯技术的超声器械尤其有利。此类器械可用于开放性手术或微创手术，例如内窥镜手术或腹腔镜手术，其中末端执行器穿过套针到达外科手术部位。
以超声频率激活此类器械的末端执行器(例如，切割超声刀)可引发纵向振动，该纵向振动在相邻组织内产生局部热量。由于超声器械的该特性，因此具体的超声驱动的末端执行器可设计成执行许多功能，包括(例如)切割和凝结。例如，通过电激活换能器在外科手术末端执行器中引发超声振动。换能器可由器械手柄中的一个或多个压电元件或磁致伸缩元件构成。换能器产生的振动经由从换能器延伸至外科手术末端执行器的超声波导管传输至外科手术末端执行器。波导管和末端执行器被设计为与换能器以相同的频率共振。因此，当末端执行器连接到换能器时，整个系统的频率与换能器自身的频率相同。
末端执行器在顶端处的纵向超声振动的振幅d表现为共振频率的简单正弦曲线，用以下公式表示：
d＝Asin(ωt)
其中：
ω为2π乘以循环频率f的角频率f；并且
A为零至峰值振幅。
将末端执行器顶端的纵向偏移定义为峰到峰(p-t-p)振幅，其恰好为正弦波振幅的两倍或2A。通常，末端执行器可包括刀片，由于所述纵向偏移，该刀片可切割和/或凝结组织。公告于2001年9月4日、名称为“METHODOFBALANCINGASYMMETRICULTRASONICSURGICALBLADES”的美国专利号6,283,981；公告于2001年10月30日、名称为“CURVEDULTRASONICBLADEHAVINGATRAPEZOIDALCROSSSECTION”的美国专利号6,309,400；公告于2002年8月20日、名称为“BALANCEDULTRASONICBLADEINCLUDINGAPLURALITYOFBALANCEASYMMETRIES”的美国专利号6,436,115公开了各种超声外科器械，其整个公开内容以引证方式并入本申请。
发明内容
在一总体方面，各种实施例涉及包括换能器的超声外科器械，所述换能器能够沿着纵向轴线产生预定频率的振动。在多个实施例中，超声刀沿着纵向轴线延伸，并连接到换能器。在多个实施例中，超声刀包括具有近端和远端的主体，其中所述远端能由换能器所生成的振动而相对于所述纵向轴线运动。
附图说明
各种实施例的特征在所附权利要求书中进行了详细描述。然而，参考结合下面附图的随后的详细描述可最好地理解关于构成和操作方法的各种实施例及其目的和优点。
图1示出一超声外科器械系统的实施例。
图2示出一用于超声器械的连接件/接头的实施例。
图3为超声外科器械的末端执行器和波导管的示意图以及在波导管和末端执行器内生成的典型纵向应变图和纵向应力图。
图4为超声外科器械的换能器的示意图以及在换能器内生成的典型纵向应变图和纵向应力图。
图5为图3中所示末端执行器和波导管的示意图以及在波导管和末端执行器内生成的典型纵向位移图。
图6为图4中所示换能器的示意图以及在换能器内生成的典型纵向位移图。
图7为根据至少一个实施例的超声外科器械的换能器的示意图以及在换能器内生成的典型纵向应变图和纵向应力图。
图8示出一种包括具有不同厚度压电元件的换能器的实施例。
图9示出包括具有不同厚度压电元件的换能器的第二种实施例。
图10示出包括具有不同厚度压电元件的换能器的第三种实施例。
图11示出包括具有不同厚度压电元件的换能器的第四种实施例。
图12示出包括具有不同厚度压电元件的换能器的第五种实施例。
图13示出包括具有不同厚度压电元件的换能器的第六种实施例。
图14是可由图8的换能器和图11的换能器生成的功分布的示意图。
图15示出包括具有不同直径压电元件的换能器的一种实施例。
图16示出包括具有不同直径压电元件的第二种实施例。
图16A示出包括具有不同直径压电元件的第三种实施例。
图17示出包括压电元件和构造成对压电元件进行冷却的可弯曲带的换能器的一种实施例。
图18示出图17的可弯曲带被压电元件产生的振动弯曲。
图19示出包括压电元件、构造成对压电元件进行冷却的可弯曲带和安装到可弯曲带的多个质量块(mass)的换能器的一种实施例。
图20示出波导管、末端执行器、护套和柔性隔膜的实施例，所述柔性隔膜安装到所述波导管和护套，构造成用于当波导管和末端执行器振动时转移波导管和末端执行器周围的空气。
图21为图20的结构的端视图。
图22A示出压电元件成第一种布置方式的换能器的实施例。
图22B示出压电元件成第二种布置方式的图22A的换能器。
图23A示出压电元件成第一种布置方式的换能器的实施例。
图23B示出压电元件成第二种布置方式的图23A的换能器。
图24示出相对于波导管可移动调节的换能器的实施例。
图25示出包括多个波导管和末端执行器的超声外科器械的套件。
图26示出一种超声外科器械的实施例。
图27示出超声外科器械的手柄和波导管的近端部分，其中所述手柄包括柔性壳体。
图28示出屈曲状态下的图27的手柄。
图29示出未屈曲状态下的图27的手柄的端视图。
图30示出屈曲状态下的图27的手柄的端视图。
图31示出包括多个换能器的外科器械的一种实施例。
图32示出包括多个换能器的外科器械的第二种实施例。
图33示出一体的波导管和末端执行器的实施例。
图34示出包括直接组装到波导管的压电元件的换能器的实施例。
图35示出压电元件以及安装到压电元件的电极的实施例，其中所述电极包括从其延伸的凸块。
图36示出包括多个图35的压电元件的换能器叠堆。
图37示出压电元件以及安装到压电元件的电极的实施例。
图38示出包括多个图37的压电元件的换能器叠堆。
图39示出包括压电元件、设置在压电元件中间的电极以及可操作地连接中间电极的连接电极的换能器叠堆的端视图。
图40示出包括具有多个凹口的多个压电元件以及穿过所述凹口延伸的连接电极的换能器叠堆。
图41示出图40的换能器叠堆的端视图。
图42示出包括具有多个平坦表面的多个压电元件以及多个连接电极的换能器叠堆。
图43示出图42的换能器叠堆的端视图。
图44示出包括具有多个索引特征的多个压电元件的换能器叠堆，所述索引特征构造成确保压电元件的正确对齐。
图45是示出图44的压电元件的索引特征如何能够防止压电元件之间未对齐的示意图。
图46示出换能器叠堆以及围绕换能器叠堆的罩的实施例。
图47示出图46的罩处于破裂状态，和至少部分地包围换能器叠堆的材料。
图48示出换能器叠堆以及围绕换能器叠堆的罩的第二种实施例。
具体实施方式
在详细说明各种实施例之前，应该指出的是，这些实施例的应用或使用并不局限于附图和具体实施方式中详细示出的部件的构造和布置。所述示例性实施例可单独实施，也可与其他实施例、变型形式和修改形式结合在一起实施，并可以通过多种方式实施或实现。例如，以下公开的外科器械为示例性的，而并非旨在限制它们的范围或应用。此外，除非另外指明，否则本申请所用的术语和表达是为了方便读者而针对示例性实施例进行描述的目而选，并非限制其范围。
现在将描述一些示例性实施例以全面理解本申请公开的装置的结构原理、功能、制造和器械用途以及方法。这些实施例的一个或多个实例在附图中示出。本领域的普通技术人员将会理解，本申请特别描述和在附图中示出的器械和方法为非限制性的示例性实施例，并且多个实施例的范围仅由权利要求书限定。一个示例性实施例示出或描述的特征可以与其他实施例的特征组合。这种修改形式和变化形式旨在包括在权利要求书的范围之内。
本申请所述的各种实施例总体涉及超声外科器械以及与其一起使用的刀片。超声外科器械和刀片的例子公开于美国专利号5,322,055、5,954,736、6,309,400、6,278,218、6,283,981和6,325,811，其中其整个公开内容以引证方式并入本申请。另外全文以引证方式并入的是共同拥有、共同待决的美国专利申请号11/726,625，其名称为“ULTRASONICSURGICALINSTRUMENTS”，申请日为2007年3月22日。下列共同拥有的、同时提交的美国专利申请的公开内容均全文以引证方式并入本申请中：
(1)美国专利申请号_______，名称为“ULTRASONICSURGICALINSTRUMENTS”，代理人案卷号为END6495USNP1/080599；
(2)美国专利申请号_______，名称为“ULTRASONICSURGICALINSTRUMENTS”，代理人案卷号为END6495USNP2/080600；
(3)美国专利申请号_______，名称为“ULTRASONICSURGICALINSTRUMENTS”，代理人案卷号为END6495USNP3/080601。
除了别的以外，根据各种实施例的超声器械和刀片对于希望去除皮质骨和/或组织，同时控制出血的整形手术可具有特别的有益效果。由于其切割和凝结特性，超声外科器械的刀片可适用于一般的软组织切割和凝结。在某些情况下，根据多个实施例的刀片可适用于同时切割和止血密封或烧灼组织。刀片可为直的或弯曲的，并适用于开放式或腹腔镜式用途。根据多个实施例的刀片可适用于脊椎外科手术，特别是在从骨骼上去除肌肉时帮助从背部进入。
图1示出超声系统10的一个实施例。超声系统10的一个实施例包括连接到超声换能器14的超声信号发生器12、包括手柄壳体16的手柄组件60以及末端执行器50。超声换能器14(称为“Langevinstack”)通常包括换能部分18、第一共振器或端罩20、第二共振器或前罩22以及辅助部件。在多个实施例中，超声换能器14的长度优选地为二分之一系统波长的整数倍(nλ/2)，如下面所详细描述。声学组件24可包括超声换能器14、安装座26、速度变换器28和表面30。
应当理解，本申请使用的术语“近侧”和“远侧”是相对于握住手柄组件60的临床医生而言的。因此，末端执行器50相对于较近侧的手柄组件60而言处于远侧。还应该理解，为方便和清晰起见，本申请相对于握住手柄组件60的临床医生使用诸如“顶部”和“底部”的空间术语。然而，外科器械在多个取向和位置使用，这些术语并非意图进行限制，也并非绝对。
端罩20的远端连接至换能部分18的近端，前罩22的近端连接至换能部分18的远端。前罩22和端罩20的长度由多个变量来确定，这多个变量包括换能部分18的厚度、用于制造端罩20和前罩22的材料的密度和弹性模量以及超声换能器14的共振频率。可使前罩22从其近端到其远端向内成锥形，用于随着速度变换器28放大超声振动振幅，或者前罩22可不进行放大。
再参照图1，端罩20可包括从其延伸的螺纹构件，该螺纹构件可被构造成与前罩22中的螺纹孔通过螺纹接合。在多个实施例中，当端罩20和前罩22组装在一起时，压电元件(例如，压电元件32)可被压缩于端罩20和前罩22之间。压电元件32可由任何合适的材料制成，例如锆钛酸铅、偏铌酸铅、钛酸铅和/或任何合适的压电晶体材料。
在多个实施例中，如下面更详细讨论，换能器14还可包括电极，例如正电极34和负电极36，所述电极可被构造成在一个或多个压电元件32两端形成电势。正电极34、负电极36和压电元件32中的每一个可具有中心穿孔，所述穿孔可被构造成接纳端罩20的螺纹构件。在多个实施例中，正电极34和负电极36分别电连接至导线38和40，其中导线38和40可包裹在线缆42内，并可电连接至超声系统10的超声信号发生器12。
在多个实施例中，声学组件24的超声换能器14将来自超声信号发生器12的电信号转化为机械能，该机械能使超声换能器24和末端执行器50以超声频率主要在纵向振动运动。合适的发生器可以GEN01型得自EthiconEndo-Surgery，Inc.(Cincinnati，Ohio)。当声学组件24通电时，振动驻波通过声学组件24产生。合适的振动频率范围可为约20Hz至120kHz，较为适当的振动频率范围可为约30-70kHz，一个示例性的操作振动频率可为大约55.5kHz。
沿声学组件24的任何点处的振动振幅可取决于沿声学组件24测量振动的位置。振动驻波的最小或零交点通常称为波节(即，运动通常最小的位置)，而驻波的最大绝对值或峰值通常称为波腹(即，运动通常最大的位置)。波腹与距其最近的波节之间的距离为四分之一波长(λ/4)。
如上所述，导线38和40将电信号从超声信号发生器12发送到正电极34和负电极36。响应于(例如)脚踏开关44，通过超声信号发生器12提供的电信号给压电元件32供电，从而在声学组件24中生成声驻波。电信号在压电元件32中引起反复小位移形式的扰动，使材料中出现较大的压缩力。反复的小位移使压电元件32沿电压梯度的轴线以连续方式伸展和收缩，从而生成超声能量的纵波。
在多个实施例中，换能器14所生成的超声能量可经由超声传输波导管46通过声学组件24传输至末端执行器50。为了使声学组件24将能量传递到末端执行器50，声学组件24的部件与末端执行器50声学连接。例如，超声换能器14的远端可在表面30处通过螺纹连接(例如，螺柱48)与超声传输波导管46的近端声学连接。
可对声学组件24的部件进行声学调谐，使得任何组件的长度均为二分之一波长的整数倍(nλ/2)，其中波长λ是声学组件24的预选或工作纵向振动驱动频率fd的波长，并且其中n为任意正整数。还可考虑声学组件24结合任何合适的声学元件布置。
超声末端执行器50的长度可大致等于二分之一波长(λ/2)的倍数。超声末端执行器50的远端52可设置在波腹处(或至少其附近)，以便提供远端的最大(或至少接近最大)纵向偏移。在多个实施例中，当换能器组件通电时，超声末端执行器50的远端52可构造成以预定振动频率在例如大约10至500微米峰到峰的范围内运动，并且优选地在大约30至150微米的范围内运动。
如上所述，超声末端执行器50可连接至超声传输波导管46。在多个实施例中，如图所示的超声末端执行器50和超声传输波导管46由适合超声能量传输的材料以一体形式制成。所述材料为例如Ti6Al4V(含铝和钒的钛合金)、铝、不锈钢和/或任何其他合适的材料。另一种情况，超声末端执行器50可与超声传输波导管46分离，并可通过例如螺柱、焊接、粘合剂、快速连接或其他合适的已知方法连接在一起。超声传输波导管46的长度可(例如)基本上等于二分之一系统波长(λ/2)的整数倍。超声传输波导管46可优选地由使用例如钛合金(即，Ti6Al4V)或铝合金等适合高效传输超声能量的材料制造的实芯轴加工而成。
在多个实施例中，参照图2，超声传输波导管46可在近端处包括纵向伸出的连接柱54，以通过螺纹连接(例如，螺柱48)连接至声学组件的表面30。超声传输波导管46的远端可通过内部螺纹连接(最好位于波腹处或波腹附近)连接至末端执行器50的近端。例如，可考虑末端执行器50通过诸如焊接接头等任何合适的手段连接至超声传输波导管46上。尽管末端执行器50可以从超声传输波导管46上拆下，但还可考虑末端执行器50与超声传输波导管46形成为一体件。
在多个实施例中，进一步地，图2示出用于超声器械的连接件/接头70的一个实施例。连接件/接头70可形成在超声传输波导管46的连接柱54和位于声学组件24远端的速度变换器28的表面30之间。连接柱54的近端包括带内螺纹的基本圆柱形的凹槽66，用于在其中接纳带螺纹的螺柱48的一部分。速度变换器28的远端也可包括带内螺纹的基本圆柱形的凹槽68，用于接纳带螺纹的螺柱48的一部分。凹槽66、68基本上周向和纵向对齐。
在图1所示的实施例中，超声传输波导管46包括设置在多个波节处(或至少其附近)的多个起稳定作用的硅树脂环或适形支撑件56。硅树脂环56可抑制不期望的振动并将超声能量与至少部分地围绕波导管46的护套58隔离，从而确保超声能量以最大效率沿纵向流至末端执行器50的远端52。
如图1所示，护套58可连接至手柄组件60的远端。护套58通常包括适配器或鼻锥62和细长管状构件64。管状构件64连接到适配器62和/或从其延伸，并具有纵向贯穿其中的开口。在多个实施例中，护套58可通过螺纹连接或按扣到壳体16的远端上。在至少一个实施例中，超声传输波导管46穿过管状构件64的所述开口延伸，硅树脂环56可接触所述开口的侧壁并隔离其中的超声传输波导管46。在多个实施例中，护套58的适配器62优选由例如Ultem构造而成，管状构件64由例如不锈钢加工而成。在至少一个实施例中，超声传输波导管46可带有围绕其的(例如)聚合材料，以便将其与外部接触隔离。
在多个实施例中，如上所述，外科器械可包括：换能器，其能够生成纵向振动；末端执行器和/或波导管，其可操作地连接至换能器；以及其他各种声学组件部件，其可操作地连接和/或支撑换能器、波导管和/或末端执行器。在一些实施例中，也如上所述，换能器可生成能够传输至末端执行器的振动，其中所述振动可以谐振频率(或接近谐振频率)驱动换能器、波导管、末端执行器和/或声学组件的其他各种部件。在谐振中，可在例如换能器、波导管和/或末端执行器中产生纵向应变图或纵向应力图。在多个实施例中，现在参照图3和图4，此类纵向应变图或纵向应力图可导致纵向应变或纵向应力沿着换能器、波导管和/或末端执行器的长度以正弦(或大致正弦)方式变化。在至少一个实施例中，例如，纵向应变图可具有最大峰和零点，其中在这样的峰和零点之间应变值可以非线性方式变化。
在多种情况下，进一步地，例如，波导管146和/或末端执行器150内的任何给定位置处的纵向应变或纵向应力可在多种应变或应力状态之间脉动。参照图3和图4，例如，当例如循环电压被供给换能器114的压电元件132时，特别是当基本上包括波导管146、末端执行器150和换能器114的系统以其谐振频率(或接近谐振频率)振动时，波导管146内点A处的纵向应变可在张拉(或正)εmax和压缩(或负)εmax之间循环。在多种情况下，压缩和张拉最大纵向应变的绝对值可相等，或至少基本相等。相应地，波导管146内点A处的纵向应力可在张力(或正)σmax和压力(或负)σmax之间循环，其中压力和张力最大纵向应力的绝对值可相等，或至少基本相等。类似地，参照图4，换能器114内点B处的纵向应变可在张拉εmax和压缩εmax之间循环，纵向应力可在张力σmax和压力σmax之间循环。
在多个实施例中，如上所述，波导管146和/或末端执行器150内的任何给定点处的纵向应变或纵向应力可在两个值之间循环，所述值的绝对值可基本上相同。在此类实施例中，一个位置处发生的纵向应变或纵向应力的范围可分别被评价为峰到峰值，即，εptp或σptp。在至少一个实施例中，尽管未示出，但供应给换能器114的压电元件132的电压可被整流，使得所述电压在零和最大电压之间循环，或者在零和最小值之间循环。结果是，纵向应变分布可在零和最大压缩应变之间循环，或者在零和最大张拉应变之间循环。在任何情况下，再参照图3所示的纵向应力和纵向应变图，应力图被示出为与应变图重叠。然而，在多种情况下，波导管146和/或末端执行器150中的任何给定点处的纵向应力和纵向应变将不具有相同的大小。相反，例如，应力(以psi测量)的大小可大于(最可能的，显著大于)应变(以in/in无量纲尺寸测量)的大小。在各种情况下，应力(σ)和应变(ε)值可成线性关系，并且可按照下面的关系式相关：
σ＝E*ε
其中E包括(例如)波导管146和/或末端执行器150的特定点处的材料的弹性模量。
在多个实施例中，例如如图3和图4所示，换能器116、波导管146和/或末端执行器150内的纵向应变图或纵向应力图可包括一个或多个零应变点(或者一个或多个零应力点)。结合图5和图6，换能器116、波导管146和末端执行器150内的零应变点和零应力点可与换能器116、波导管146和末端执行器150内的振动驻波的波腹重合，其中所述波腹由点AN表示。读者将记得，参照图5和图6，例如，纵向振动驻波的波腹可与振动驻波的最大纵向振动位移，即，δmax和/或-δmax对应。另外，换能器116、波导管146和末端执行器150内的最大应变点和最大应力点可与振动驻波的波节(由点N表示)重合。读者也将记得，参照图5和图6，纵向振动驻波的波节可与振动驻波的零纵向位移点对应。如图3所示，参照上面的讨论，点A位于波节N处或其附近。还如图3所示，末端执行器150的远端152设置于波腹AN处或其附近。类似地，波导管146的近端也设置于波腹AN处。如上所述，通过确保末端执行器150的远端152设置于波腹处或其附近可获得某些优点，其中至少一个此类优点可包括(例如)充分利用了波腹处所实现的最大纵向振动位移。通过确保波导管146的近端设置于波腹处或其附近可获得一些其他的优点，其中至少一个此类优点可包括充分利用了波腹处所实现的纵向零应变或纵向零应力点。与上述类似，波导管146的近端可包括连接接头，例如图2所示的连接接头70，通过将此连接接头设置在波腹处或其附近，可使接头暴露于很少(如果有的话)的由振动驻波引起的纵向应力或纵向应变。
如上所述，电压或功率源可与换能器的一个或多个压电元件可操作地连接，其中施加于每一压电元件的电势可使压电元件沿纵向伸展和收缩(或振动)。也如上所述，电势可为循环的，并且在多个实施例中，电势可以与具有包括例如换能器116、波导管146和末端执行器150在内的部件的系统的谐振频率相同(或几乎相同)的频率循环。然而，在多个实施例中，换能器内的某些压电元件可比换能器内的其他压电元件对纵向振动驻波贡献更多。更具体地讲，换能器内可产生纵向应变分布，其中应变分布可控制或限制纵向位移，使得一些压电元件对振动驻波做出贡献，尤其是当系统以其谐振频率或接近谐振频率振动时。
现在参照图7，比换能器214的其他压电元件更靠近波节N设置的压电元件232a可能经受比换能器214的其他压电元件更大的应变或应力。在多个实施例中，压电元件内的应变可决定能够流过或被拉过压电元件的电流的量。在一些实施例中，应变和电流可成线性关系，而在其他实施例中，应变和电流可成等比关系。因为在换能器214内压电元件232a最靠近波节设置，因而暴露于最高的应变，所以压电元件232a能够比更远离波节，因而暴露于较少应变的其他压电元件从电源拉引更多电流。例如，更大电流流过压电元件232a可使得压电元件232a比换能器214的更远离波节设置的其他压电元件具有更大的纵向振动，并为换能器214以及连接到换能器的末端执行器内的振动驻波贡献更大位移。在一些实施例中，压电元件所拉引的电流和压电元件的纵向位移可成线性关系，而在其他实施例中，电流和纵向位移可成等比关系。
例如，进一步地，压电元件232a比压电元件232b更靠近波节N，并且如图7所示，压电元件232b可经受比压电元件232a少的应变。结果是，根据上述讨论，压电元件232b可拉引比压电元件232a少的电流。另外，因为压电元件所消耗的功率可通过流过压电元件的电流与施加于压电元件两端的电势的乘积来定义，压电元件232b可消耗比压电元件232a少的功率。在压电元件232a和232b两端的电势相同(或至少基本相同)的实施例中尤其成这样的关系。相应地，压电元件232c可比压电元件232b拉引更少电流并消耗更少功率。类似地，压电元件232d可比压电元件232c拉引更少电流并消耗更少功率。
进一步地，拉引较大电流并消耗较大功率的压电元件可做较大量的功。更具体地讲，此类压电元件在振动时可形成更大的纵向位移和/或产生更大的纵向力，因为压电元件所生成的功可与压电元件所产生的力和位移的乘积成正比，所以此类压电元件可输出更多的功。因此，更靠近波节设置的压电元件可比更远离波节设置的压电元件做更多的功。在换能器的压电元件由相同材料构成并具有基本上相同的尺寸的实施例中尤其如此。然而，在多个实施例中，消耗更大量的功率并做更大量的功的压电元件可产生更大量的热。在至少一个实施例中，结果是，最靠近波节设置的压电元件可比更远离波节设置的压电元件生成更多热。在多种情况下，最靠近波节设置的压电元件的散热可能受到抑制，因为此类压电元件可能设置于相邻压电元件之间，这些相邻压电元件会减少其周围的空气流动。在某些情况下，较大量的热对各种压电元件的性能会具有负面影响。例如，较大量的热会在一个或多个压电元件内生成热电，这会抵消施加于其两端的电势，和/或可能减少压电元件的寿命。
在多个实施例中，进一步地，换能器可包括若干不同的压电元件，其中所述压电元件可被选择为能够均衡(或至少较好地分配)由换能器的压电元件所做的功。在某些实施例中，更远离波节设置的压电元件可与更靠近波节设置的压电元件做相同的功。在某些其他的实施例中，更远离波节设置的压电元件可不与更靠近波节设置的压电元件做相同的功，但其可做由更靠近波节设置的压电元件做的功的大约90％、大约80％、大约70％、大约60％、大约50％、大约40％和/或大约30％。在至少一个实施例中，所述不同的压电元件可由具有不同应变常数(d33)的材料构成，其中材料的应变常数可表示为材料内生成的应变(ε)除以压电元件所经受的电场(E)。在至少一个此类实施例中，再参照图7，例如，压电元件232a可由具有第一应变常数的第一材料构成，压电元件232b可由具有第二应变常数的第二材料构成。在多个实施例中，第一应变常数可高于第二应变常数。通常，压电元件生成某一量的功所需的电流可与压电元件的应变常数成反比，因此为压电元件选择具有较高应变常数的材料可减小压电元件将拉引的电流，从而相应地减少压电元件将生成的热。相应地，为压电元件选择具有较低应变常数的材料可增大生成某一量的功所需的电流，因而增加压电元件将生成的热。
进一步地，可通过在更靠近波节处使用由具有较高应变常数的材料构成的压电元件，而在远离波节处使用由具有较低应变常数的材料构成的压电元件，来平衡(或至少较均匀地平衡)换能器的压电元件所做的功。在多个实施例中，压电元件232a可由具有第一应变常数的第一材料构成，压电元件232b可由具有第二应变常数的第二材料构成，压电元件232c可由具有第三应变常数的第三材料构成，压电元件232d可由具有第四应变常数的第四材料构成，其中在至少一个实施例中，第一应变常数可大于第二应变常数，第二应变常数可大于第三应变常数，第三应变常数可大于第四应变常数。在多个实施例中，例如，压电元件的应变常数可在大约100e-12m/V至大约600e-12m/V范围内，和/或大约150e-12m/V至大约500e-12m/V范围内，和/或大约150e-12m/V至大约350e-12m/V范围内。在任何情况下，由于对压电元件材料的选择，再参照图7，例如，压电元件232b可做与压电元件232a所做的功相同量(或至少其一大部分)的功。类似地，例如，压电元件232c可做与压电元件232b所做的功相同量(或至少其一大部分)的功。同样，压电元件232d可做与压电元件232c所做的功相同量(或至少其一大部分)的功。
在多个实施例中，作为上述情形的结果，可平衡(或至少较均匀地平衡)换能器的压电元件所产生的热，使得在整个换能器中均匀地(或至少较均匀地)产生热。此类实施例可，例如，防止(或至少降低其可能性)在换能器内的单个或集中的位置处产生和/或保留有不期望量的热。在某些情况下，作为上述情形的结果，例如，压电元件232b可产生与压电元件232a所产生的热相同量(或至少其一大部分)的热。类似地，例如，压电元件232c可产生与压电元件232b所产生的热相同量(或至少其一大部分)的热。同样，压电元件232d可产生与压电元件232c所产生的热相同量(或至少其一大部分)的热。在至少一个此类实施例中，由压电元件产生和/或保留的热可在换能器214内均匀地分配(或至少较均匀地分配)。在多个实施例中，例如，压电元件232d内产生和/或保留的附加热可更容易被吸收到例如远端构件222和/或近端构件220中，使得热可更容易从换能器214消散。在某些实施例中，端构件220和222可包括散热器，其可将热从压电元件吸走，其中在至少一个实施例中，例如，端构件220和222可由金属构成。在此类实施例中，压电元件变得过热的可能性可降低。
在多个可供选择的实施例中，期望在更靠近波节处使用由具有较低应变常数的材料构成的压电元件，而在远离波节处使用由具有较高应变常数的材料构成的压电元件。在多个实施例中，压电元件232a可由具有第一应变常数的第一材料构成，压电元件232b可由具有第二应变常数的第二材料构成，压电元件232c可由具有第三应变常数的第三材料构成，压电元件232d可由具有第四应变常数的第四材料构成，其中在至少一个实施例中，第一应变常数可小于第二应变常数，第二应变常数可小于第三应变常数，第三应变常数可小于第四应变常数。
在某些实施例中，进一步地，可通过使用具有不同介电损耗或阻尼性质的材料，来平衡(或至少较均匀地平衡)由换能器的压电元件产生的热。在多种情况下，材料的介电损耗可表示为耗散系统中振荡模式的功率损失率的大小。换句话讲，在某些情况下，材料的介电损耗可表示振动压电元件和/或换能器内可发生的能量耗散或损失，其中此类耗散或损失可导致热的产生。在任何情况下，在多个实施例中，例如，可使用具有较大和/或较小耗散或阻尼性能的不同材料，其中具有较小耗散或阻尼性能的材料可产生较少的热。在至少一个实施例中，由具有较小耗散性能的材料构成的压电元件可更靠近波节设置，而由具有较大耗散性能的材料构成的压电元件可远离波节设置。在多个实施例中，例如，换能器的压电材料的介电损耗因子可在大约.002至大约.01范围内。
在某些实施例中，进一步地，可通过使用具有不同介电常数的材料，来平衡(或至少较均匀地平衡)由换能器的压电元件做的功。在多个实施例中，由具有较低介电常数的材料构成的压电元件可比具有较高介电常数的压电元件做更多功。在至少一个实施例中，结果是，压电元件232a可由具有第一介电常数的第一材料构成，压电元件232b可由具有第二介电常数的第二材料构成，压电元件232c可由具有第三介电常数的第三材料构成，压电元件232d可由具有第四介电常数的第四材料构成，其中在至少一个实施例中，第一介电常数可大于第二介电常数，第二介电常数可大于第三介电常数，第三介电常数可大于第四介电常数。在多个实施例中，进一步地，例如，压电材料的相对介电常数可在大约900至大约1200范围内，其中材料的相对介电常数(εr)可被定义为材料的静电介电常数(εs)除以介电常数(εo)。在任何情况下，由于对压电元件材料的选择，再参照图7，例如，压电元件232b可做成与压电元件232a所做的功相同量(或至少其一大部分)的功。类似地，例如，压电元件232c可做与压电元件232b所做的功相同量(或至少其一大部分)的功。同样地，压电元件232d可做与压电元件232c所做的功相同量(或至少其一大部分)的功。
在某些实施例中，进一步地，可通过使用具有不同电压灵敏度的材料，来平衡(或至少较均匀地平衡)由换能器的压电元件做的功。在多个实施例中，由具有较高电压灵敏度的材料构成的压电元件可比具有较低电压灵敏度的压电元件做更多功。在至少一个实施例中，结果是，压电元件232a可由具有第一电压灵敏度的第一材料构成，压电元件232b可由具有第二电压灵敏度的第二材料构成，压电元件232c可由具有第三电压灵敏度的第三材料构成，压电元件232d可由具有第四电压灵敏度的第四材料构成，其中在至少一个实施例中，第一电压灵敏度可小于第二电压灵敏度，第二电压灵敏度可小于第三电压灵敏度，第三电压灵敏度可小于第四电压灵敏度。在多个实施例中，压电材料的电压灵敏度可被定义为材料对电势的响应性或形状改变，其中具有较高电压灵敏度的压电材料可能需要较少电压来在材料内生成较大位移。在任何情况下，由于对压电元件材料的选择，再参照图7，例如，压电元件232b可做与压电元件232a所做的功相同量(或至少其一大部分)的功。类似地，例如，压电元件232c可做与压电元件232b所做的功相同量(或至少其一大部分)的功。同样，压电元件232d可做与压电元件232c所做的功相同量(或至少其一大部分)的功。
如上所述，再参照图7，换能器的更靠近波节设置的压电元件可比换能器的更远离波节设置的压电元件产生和/或保留更多热。也如上所述，压电元件的材料可被选择为使得在整个换能器上由压电元件生成和/或保留的热可平衡(或至少较好地平衡)。然而，在多种情况下，热产生和/或保留可能集中于波节附近的压电元件内。在多个实施例中，如下面更详细讨论的，换能器的压电元件可由具有不同的居里温度(Tc)的不同材料构成。压电材料的居里温度可被描述为这样的温度，高于该温度时压电材料会失去其极化和压电特性。在多种情况下，结果是，期望压电材料的温度不超过其居里温度。
在多个实施例中，尤其是在换能器中在换能器叠堆中处于中心或波节处的压电元件232a与换能器叠堆中处于末端或波腹处的压电元件232d之间存在大的热梯度的实施例中，更靠近波节设置的压电元件可由其居里温度比更远离波节设置的压电元件的居里温度高的材料构成。在至少一个实施例中，压电元件232a可由具有第一居里温度的第一材料构成，压电元件232b可由具有第二居里温度的第二材料构成，压电元件232c可由具有第三居里温度的第三材料构成，压电元件232d可由具有第四居里温度的第四材料构成，其中在至少一个实施例中，第一居里温度可大于第二居里温度，第二居里温度可大于第三居里温度，第三居里温度可大于第四居里温度。例如，在至少一个此类实施例中，压电元件232a和/或232b(例如)可由(K，Na)NbO3(通常称作铌酸钾钠或“KNN”，并具有大约410℃的居里温度)构成。进一步地，例如，压电元件232a和/或232b可由Bi4Ti3O12(通常称作“BTO”并具有大约280℃的居里温度)和/或(Bi，Na)TiO3-(Bi，K)TiO3-(Ba，Sr)TiO3(通常称作“BNBK”并具有大约675℃的居里温度)和/或任何合适的高Tc无铅压电材料构成。除此之外，例如，压电元件232c和/或232d可由BaTiO3(通常称作钛酸钡并具有大约110℃的居里温度)和/或任何合适的低Tc无铅压电材料构成。在至少一个实施例中，例如，压电元件232a可由BNBK(Tc＝675℃)构成，压电元件232b可由KNN(Tc＝410℃)构成，压电元件232c可由BTO(Tc＝280℃)构成，压电元件232d可由钛酸钡(Tc＝110℃)构成。尽管此类布置可适用于多种情况，但换能器叠堆内的每一压电元件可由本申请中所提及的任何材料中的一种或多种构成。
在多个实施例中，进一步地，具有第一居里温度的第一压电元件232a可拉引第一电流，具有第二居里温度的第二压电元件232b可拉引第二电流，其中第一电流可大于第二电流。由于较高的第一居里温度，第一(或较高)电流不会使第一压电元件232a不利地过热。类似地，第二(或较低)电流不会使第二压电元件232b不利地过热。在至少一个此类实施例中，第三压电元件232c可拉引第三电流，第三电流小于第二电流；另外，第四压电元件232d可拉引第四电流，第四电流小于第三电流。
在多个实施例中，现在参照图8-13，可采用具有不同厚度的压电元件来分配由换能器的压电元件做的功以及拉引的电流。参照图8，例如，换能器314a可包括具有第一厚度的四个压电元件332和具有第二厚度的四个压电元件333，其中第二厚度大于第一厚度。在此类实施例中，压电元件332和333可布置成使得由压电元件做的功可产生如图14所示的功分布。参照图8和图14，较厚的压电元件333比较薄的压电元件332更靠近波节N设置，其中由于压电元件332和333的布置方式以及换能器内产生的纵向应力分布ε(l)，由压电元件做的功可能没有在整个压电元件上均匀分配。事实上，参照图14，由换能器做的功可能严重集中于紧邻波节N的大压电元件333处。相应地，换能器314的较薄压电元件332可做比压电元件333少很多的功，因为其更远离波节N，而更靠近波腹AN，结果是其经受较少的纵向应变。
在多个实施例中，现在参照图9、图10、图12和图13分别示出的换能器314b、314c、314e和314f，压电元件332和333可以不同的布置方式堆叠，其中不同的布置方式可生成不同的功分布。在实施例中，进一步地，例如，换能器的压电元件可布置为使得由压电元件生成的功分布在整个换能器上平衡，或者至少比换能器314a所生成的功分布更逼近平衡功分布。在至少一个实施例中，现在参照图11，与上面类似，例如，换能器314d可包括四个压电元件332和四个压电元件333。在此类实施例中，换能器314d的压电元件332和333可布置成使得由压电元件做的功可产生如图14所示的功分布。更具体地讲，参照图11和图14，换能器314d的较薄的压电元件332比较厚的压电元件333更靠近波节N设置，其中由于压电元件332和333的布置方式，由换能器314d的压电元件做的功可在整个压电元件上更均匀地分配。通过比较，可由换能器314a做的集中于波节N周围的功的大集中或峰会显著大于可由换能器314d做的集中于波节N周围的功的较不明显的集中。另外，通过比较，设置在换能器314d的换能器叠堆末端的较厚的压电元件333可比设置在换能器314a的换能器叠堆末端的较薄压电元件332做更多的功，从而进一步平衡换能器314d的功分布。
尽管图14所示的功分布可表示多种换能器的实际功分布，但此类功分布只是为了说明和讨论目的而提供。多种其他功分布也是可能的。例如，参照图14，读者将注意到，水平轴用数字1-8标记，其表示换能器314a和314d的示例性实施例的八个压电元件。更具体地讲，数字1可表示第一或最近侧的压电元件，数字2可表示第二或第二最近侧的压电元件等等。读者还将注意到，垂直轴用百分比值标记。此类百分比值表示与换能器所拉引的总电流相比，特定压电元件可拉引的电流。例如，换能器314a的第一压电元件可拉引换能器314a所拉引总电流的大约10.5％，而换能器314d的第一压电元件可拉引换能器314d所拉引总电流的大约11.5％。在多个实施例中，鉴于以上内容，如果对换能器314a的每一压电元件所拉引的电流百分比求和，则结果应该为100％。类似地，对换能器314d的每一压电元件所拉引的电流百分比求和时，应该也为100％。
在多个实施例中，如上所述，换能器内的振动驻波所生成的纵向应变分布可为正弦曲线，其中纵向应变可在第一和第二值之间以非线性或几何方式变化。在某些实施例中，例如，现在再参照图8，换能器314a内的应变分布ε(l)可由在振动驻波的两个波腹AN之间延伸的半正弦波表示，但也可想到任何合适数量的波腹可位于换能器内的其他实施例。作为另外一种选择，可想到换能器内没有波腹的实施例。在任何情况下，也如上所述，应变分布ε(l)的最大纵向应变可发生于振动驻波的波节N处，其中例如换能器314a的最靠近波节N设置的压电元件(例如，压电元件3333和3334)可经受最多的纵向应变。例如，参照图8，压电元件3333和3334就设置在波节N的左侧或近侧，其中元件3334经受纵向应变ε4，元件3333经受纵向应变ε3，其中应变ε4小于εmax，并且其中应变ε3小于应变ε4。出于此实例的目的，纵向应变ε4可表示整个压电元件3334上的平均应变，纵向应变ε3可表示整个压电元件3333上的平均应变。相应地，再参照图8，示出纵向应变ε3和纵向应变ε4发生于压电元件3333和3334的中心。在任何情况下，进一步地，应变ε3和应变ε4可使压电元件3333和3334比相对于压电元件3333和3334更靠近设置的压电元件3322和3321贡献更大量的功，其中压电元件3322和3321分别经受纵向应变ε2和纵向应变ε1。与上面类似，例如，应变ε2和ε1可表示整个压电元件3322和3321上可经历的平均纵向应变。
进一步地，再参照图8，纵向应变ε2小于纵向应变ε3；另外，纵向应变ε1小于应变ε2并显著小于应变ε4。这种关系是由应变分布ε(l)的正弦曲线性质或形状导致的。更具体地讲，由于这种形状，换能器内产生的纵向应变可相对于波节N以几何或非线性方式减小，结果是，换能器内的应变分布可在更远离波节N的位置和/或更靠近波腹AN的位置处经历较大的纵向应变改变。结果是，更远离波节N设置的压电元件可经受显著减小的纵向应变，并且较不可能做较大量的功。为了更好的平衡换能器的压电元件的功分布，现在再参照图11，压电元件可布置成使得整个压电元件上经历的平均纵向应变差异可减小。在至少一个比较例中，参照图8和图11，换能器314d的压电元件可布置成使得波节N与换能器314d的压电元件3331中心之间的距离Bl1小于波节N与换能器314a的压电元件3321中心之间的距离Al1。由于距离Bl1比距离Al1短，所以换能器314d的压电元件3331内经历的平均纵向应变以及由其做的功可大于换能器314a的压电元件3321内经历的平均应变以及由其做的功。例如，由于换能器314d的压电元件3331可提供的功增加，所以，由换能器314d的压电元件3331和压电元件3324做的功的差异可小于由换能器314a的压电元件3321和压电元件3334做的功的差异。
进一步地，再参照图8和11，波节N与换能器314d的压电元件3332中心之间的距离Bl2小于波节N与换能器314a的压电元件3322中心之间的距离Al2。与上面类似，由于距离Bl2比距离Al2短，所以换能器314d的压电元件3332内经历的平均纵向应变以及由其做的功可大于换能器314a的压电元件3322内经历的平均应变以及由其做的功。与上面类似，由于换能器314d的压电元件3332可提供的功增加，所以例如，由换能器314d的压电元件3332和压电元件3324做的功的差异可小于由换能器314a的压电元件3322和压电元件3334做的功的差异。类似地，关于第三压电元件，距离Bl3可比距离Al3短；另外，关于第四压电元件(即，最靠近波节N设置的元件)，距离Bl4可比距离Al4短。如图8和图11所示，换能器314a和314d的其他压电元件，即，换能器314a的元件3335、3336、3327和3328以及换能器314d的元件3325、3326、3337和3338，可以对应或镜像方式布置，其中关于波节N和第二或相对的波腹AN，上述讨论适用于这些元件。在任何情况下，现在再参照图14，可通过将压电元件布置成使得每一元件所经受的平均应变相同或接近相同，来平衡(或至少较接近地平衡)整个换能器上压电元件所做的功。
在多个实施例中，进一步地，经受较大平均纵向应变的压电元件可生成较大的纵向振动振幅，在较厚的压电元件，即，在纵向方向上较厚的压电元件中尤其如此。在多种情况下，压电元件的纵向应变可被定义为压电元件的厚度改变(Δt)除以其初始或未加电的厚度(t0)，并且，当压电元件内的纵向应变由谐振换能器内产生的应变场决定时，较厚压电元件的使用可能要求压电元件内发生较大纵向位移，以便保持(Δt/t0)的相对比。换句话说，对于给定纵向应变值，较大的(t0)可决定较大的Δt，相应地，较小的(t0)可决定较小的Δt。如上所述，再参照图11，换能器314d的较厚压电元件333比压电元件332更远离波节N设置，尽管较厚元件333可经受比较薄元件332小的平均应变，但压电元件333的厚度可补偿较小的平均应变，从而仍可提供足够的纵向位移或振动并做足够量的功，使得换能器314d所生成的功分布可平衡，或至少较接近平衡。尽管未示出，但多种压电元件可用于换能器内使得压电元件可具有多种不同的厚度，并且其中，在某些实施例中，换能器可包括具有三种或更多种不同厚度的压电元件。例如，在某些实施例中，也未示出，换能器可包括压电元件，其中最厚的压电元件设置在换能器叠堆的末端，最薄的压电元件设置在叠堆的中部，具有中间厚度的压电元件设置在两者间，使得这些压电元件的厚度朝着叠堆的中部成降序排列。
进一步地，再参照图8-13，换能器的压电元件可具有相同(或至少基本相同)的宽度、高度和/或直径。在某些其他实施例中，现在参照图15，例如，换能器(例如，换能器414)可包括具有不同宽度、高度和/或直径的压电元件。更具体地讲，在至少一个实施例中，换能器414可包括具有第一直径的第一压电元件432a、具有第二直径的第二压电元件432b、具有第三直径的第三压电元件432c和具有第四直径的第四压电元件432d。在此类实施例中，第一、第二、第三和/或第四压电元件可具有由其不同的直径导致的不同电容。更具体地讲，如上所述，每一压电元件可包括电极，所述电极设置在压电元件的相对侧以在元件两端产生电压或电势，其中由于电极的表面积与压电元件的电势电容之间的正比关系，具有较大直径的压电元件可包括具有较大表面积的电极，因此可在较大压电元件内产生较大的电容。在多种情况下，电极的表面积与压电元件的电容之间的正比关系可为线性的(或至少基本为线性的)，但也可考虑到具有几何关系的实施例。另外，由于压电元件的电容与流过压电元件的电流之间的正比关系，具有较大电容的较大压电元件可拉引较大电流，因此做更大量的功。在各种情况下，电容与流过压电元件的电流之间的正比关系可为线性的(或至少大致线性的)，但也可想到具有几何关系的实施例。在某些情况下，压电元件的电容可由下面的关系式表示：
C＝(K*ε0*A)/t
其中K表示压电元件材料的介电常数，其中ε0表示空气的介电常数，其中A表示电极的表面积，并且其中t表示电极之间的压电元件的厚度。
现在再参照图15，换能器414的压电元件432a的直径可在其整个厚度上恒定(或至少基本恒定)。类似地，压电元件432b、432c和/或432d的直径可在其整个厚度上恒定(或至少基本恒定)。在至少一个实施例中，此类压电元件可包括第一和第二电极，所述电极设置在其具有相同(或至少基本相同)的直径的相对侧上。在各种可供选择的实施例中，换能器的一个或多个压电元件的直径可在其整个厚度上不恒定。在至少一个此类实施例中，现在参照图16，例如，换能器514可包括压电元件532a，该压电元件可包括第一直径531和第二直径535，其中第二直径535可大于第一直径531。如图16所示，压电元件532a的直径可在较大的第二直径535和较小的第一直径531之间减小。在多个实施例中，压电元件532a的直径可以线性(或至少基本线性)方式减小，但也可考虑其他直径变化方式，例如非线性或几何减小。
进一步地，第一和第二电极可连接到压电元件532a的侧面，其中第一电极可具有与第一直径531相同的直径(或至少基本相同的直径)，并且其中第二电极可具有与第二直径535相同的直径(或至少基本相同的直径)。由于第一和第二电极的不同的直径和/或面积A，在多个实施例中，压电元件532a的电容C可使得压电元件532a所做的功符合所需功分布。在某些实施例中，换能器514还可包括压电元件532b、532c和/或532d，其中这些压电元件的直径也可在第一和第二直径之间减小。在至少一个实施例中，再参照图16，换能器514的压电元件的直径可在压电元件532d的最大直径与压电元件532a的最小直径之间按照恒定(或至少大基本恒定)的速率减小。在多个实施例中，现在参照图16A，换能器2714的压电元件的直径可在压电元件2732d的最小直径与压电元件2732a的最大直径之间按照恒定(或至少基本恒定)的比率增大。尽管未示出，但也可想到压电元件的直径以非线性方式增大和/或减小和/或具有任何其他合适的分布的其他实施例。在任何情况下，与上面类似，压电元件532a、532b、532c和/或532d的较大和较小直径可布置成使得压电元件的电容C导致所需功分布。更具体地讲，如上所述，相比于与较小直径相连的较小电极，较大电极可与压电元件的较大直径相连，其中较大电极可更靠近波腹AN设置，结果是可提供整个功分布上更均匀的功分配。在多个其他实施例中，再参照图16A，压电元件2732a、2732b、2732c和2732d的最大直径可更靠近波节设置，以充分利用应变分布内的较大应变值。
在多个实施例中，如上所述，换能器的压电元件可产生热，其中在一些情况下，过量的热会影响压电元件的性能。在某些实施例中，换能器可包括泵。参照图17和图18，换能器614可包括一个或多个带或带状物617，其可被构造用于在换能器614被如上所述启动时泵送空气环绕换能器614的一个或多个压电元件632。在至少一个此类实施例中，压电元件632可设置在端罩620和前罩622中间，其中尽管图17未示出，端罩620和前罩622可被紧固在一起，以将压电元件632捕获和/或压缩在两者间。在某些情况下，一个或多个带617可安装到端罩620和前罩622，其中在至少一个实施例中，带617可在端罩620和前罩622已通过螺栓连接在一起之后安装到端罩620和前罩622。在至少一个实施例中，换能器614可包括四个带617，其可通过焊接和/或以其他方式适当紧固到端罩620和前罩622，其中带617可围绕换能器的周边等距(或至少基本等距)地设置。尽管示出带617为矩形且具有恒定的厚度，但带617可具有任何合适的形状和/或非恒定厚度。在多个实施例中，参照图17，带617和压电元件632之间可设定间隙637，使得当带617挠曲时(如下面更详细描述)，带617不会接触压电元件632。
在多种情况下，参照图18，压电元件632所生成的振动会引起带617振动和挠曲。例如，带617的挠曲可转移带617周围的空气(例如，位于带617和压电元件632中间的空气)并使空气从压电元件上流过。在多种情况下，从压电元件632上流过的空气可(至少最初)比压电元件632温度低，使得空气可从压电元件632吸热。在某些实施例中，换能器614可设置在外科器械的柄内，其中所述柄可包括一个或多个气孔，所述气孔可允许热空气从柄部排出，而允许冷空气进入柄部并进一步冷却压电元件632。在某些实施例中，具有一个或多个风扇叶片的风扇可设置在柄内，以帮助使冷空气围绕压电元件移动和/或使热空气移出柄。在多个实施例中，再参照图18，带617能够沿一个或多个方向振动或挠曲。在至少一个实施例中，带617能够沿横切纵向轴线699的方向挠曲，使得带617从压电元件上沿径向(或基本径向)抽方向泵送空气。在某些实施例中，带617能够沿相对于纵向轴线699垂直、平行和/或偏斜的方向挠曲。在某些实施例中，带617能够在压电元件632上方生成空气层流e和/或空气湍流，这取决于压电元件的几何形状和表面条件。在多个实施例中，例如，带617可由金属(例如，铜或黄铜)构成，其中带617可被构造用于在端罩620和前罩622之间传导热。在至少一个此类实施例中，热可从换能器614的一端流向另一端，使得储存在换能器614内的热可在整个换能器614上均匀(或至少大致均匀)地散布。
在多个实施例中，如上所述，换能器614的压电元件626可产生纵向振动，该纵向振动可引起带或带状物617振动和挠曲。在某些情况下，例如，压电元件626可产生(例如)横切或垂直于纵向轴线699的振动，该振动可引起带617振动和挠曲。在这样的情况下，可发生带617的相当大的挠曲。然而，在某些实施例中，带617可能没有挠曲足够量以生成所需空气流。在至少一个实施例中，现在参照图19，一个或多个重物或质量块739可安装到一个或多个带717，其可被构造用于在带717内引起偏心或不平衡。由于这种不平衡，换能器714的压电元件732所生成的振动(至少最初)可被放大以在带717内形成较大的挠曲。换句话说，质量块739可“启动”带717的挠曲。在各种情况下，质量块的附加重量可在换能器714工作的整个持续时间内引起带717的较大挠曲。在至少一个实施例中，质量块739可包括(或至少近似)点质量块，其不使带717变硬(或至少基本变硬)。在任何情况下，每一带717可包括安装到其上的一个或多个质量块，或者在某些其他的实施例中，一些带717可包括安装到其上的一个或多个质量块，而一些带717可能根本没有安装任何带子。在某些实施例中，质量块739可焊接到带717。在多个实施例中，质量块739可粘附和/或紧固到带子717。
在多个实施例中，如上所述，超声外科器械可包括线缆，其被构造用于向外科器械的换能器供应电流。在某些实施例中，所述线缆可被构造用于将热带离外科器械的换能器和/或换能器位于其中的手柄。在至少一个实施例中，所述线缆可包括若干层。例如，在至少一个此类实施例中，线缆可包括内芯、外芯、设置在内芯和外芯中间的第一绝缘层、围绕外芯的第二绝缘层、围绕第二绝缘层的导热材料以及外绝缘层。内芯和外芯可被构造用于向换能器和从换能器传导电流，其中第一和第二绝缘层可被构造用于防止电流从其泄露。导热材料可被构造用于将热从换能器和/或手柄吸出，并将热传导出外科器械。在某些情况下，导热材料可充当散热器。在至少一个实施例中，导热材料可由铝构成。在任何情况下，外绝缘层可被构造用于保护外科医生(例如)免于在使用过程中触摸到烫的导热材料。
在多个实施例中，如上所述，超声器械的换能器所生成的振动可被传递给例如波导管(例如，波导管46)和例如末端执行器(例如，末端执行器50)。由于这种振动，尤其是当波导管和末端执行器以谐振驱动时，波导管和末端执行器可能产生并储存热，尤其是在振动驻波的波节处。在一些情况下，这样的局部热产生可能是有用的。然而，在多种情况下，期望分散波导管和/或末端执行器内产生的热，使得热不局限于(或至少较少局限于)一个或多个位置。在多个实施例中，参照图20和图21，例如，外科器械可包括波导管846、末端执行器850和护套(例如841)，所述护套能够围绕(或至少部分地围绕)波导管846和末端执行器850的一部分。在某些实施例中，外科器械可包括泵，其被构造用于使空气沿着波导管和/或末端执行器运动。在至少一个实施例中，外科器械还可包括一个或多个隔膜，其在护套841和波导管846之间和/或在护套841和末端执行器850之间延伸。在至少一个此类实施例中，外科器械可包括安装到护套841和波导管846的隔膜843，其中当波导管846如上所述经受振动时，隔膜843可使空气沿着波导管846和/或末端执行器850移动(或抽吸)。更具体地讲，例如，在至少一个实施例中，隔膜843的中心部分845可附连到波导管846，使得当波导管846经受纵向振动时，隔膜843的中心部分845可发生纵向偏移，而隔膜的外侧部分847可保持静止(或至少基本静止)，因为其可附连到护套841。
由于中心部分845的纵向偏移，例如，位于护套841和波导管846中间的空气可沿着波导管846纵向移动，使得所述空气可吸收由例如波导管846产生并储存于其内的热。在某些实施例中，隔膜可在波导管846和末端执行器850的整个表面上生成空气层流和/或湍流。在多个实施例中，一个或多个隔膜843可设置在振动驻波的波腹处，使得可利用发生于波腹处的波导管846的较大纵向位移来生成隔膜843的较大位移和较大空气流。在至少一个此类实施例中，隔膜可设置在波导管和末端执行器内发生的每一波腹处。在多个实施例中，隔膜可仅设置在波腹处，而在其他实施例中，若干隔膜可设置在例如围绕波腹的区域中。在任何情况下，例如，隔膜还可包括一个或多个孔、狭槽、穿孔和/或开口849，其可被构造用于允许空气流过隔膜843。在多个实施例中，例如，隔膜可包括任何合适数量的孔，例如一个或多个孔、四个或更多个孔和/或十个或更多个孔。在至少一个实施例中，例如，一个隔膜843的孔可与相邻隔膜843的孔对齐。在多个实施例中，隔膜843的外侧部分847可粘附到和/或以其他方式适当地连接到护套841，而隔膜843的内侧部分845可粘附到和/或以其他方式适当地连接到波导管846。在某些实施例中，内侧部分845可包括洞，其可允许隔膜843滑到波导管846上并设置在其上。在多个实施例中，例如，隔膜843可由聚合材料构成，其中所述材料可足够薄以允许隔膜的至少一部分纵向运动，同时也足够厚以经受其反复运动。
在各种情况下，如上所述，换能器的更靠近波节设置的压电元件可能比更远离波节设置的压电元件需要做更大量的功，并且可能经受更高的温度。在这种情况下，最靠近波节的压电元件可能以比更远离波节设置的压电元件更快的速度劣化，并失去其做特定量的功的能力。过去当发生这种劣化时，换能器被丢弃。在本申请所述的各种实施例中，换能器在使用后可被拆卸，使得换能器的压电元件可被重新布置。在至少一个实施例中，参照图22A，换能器914可包括压电元件932a、932b、932c和932d，其中至少在图22A所示的布置方式中，压电元件932a最靠近波节N设置，压电元件932d最靠近波腹AN设置。在换能器914使用过之后，有可能的是压电元件932a的劣化程度将高于压电元件932b、932c和932d。在某些实施例中，结果是压电元件932a可被换到换能器叠堆的末端，而压电元件932b、932c和932d可向内运动，如图22B所示。随后，在此类实施例中，压电元件932b可做比压电元件932a要做的功更大量的功。在换能器914再次被使用之后，换能器914可被拆卸，使得压电元件932b可被换到叠堆末端或最远离波节，而压电元件932c和932d可向内运动或更靠近波节。尽管重新排列压电元件的这种特定顺序是可用的，但也可使用任何其他合适的顺序。
在多个实施例中，进一步地，可利用已使用了不止一次或已经历了不同的工作循环的若干压电元件来组装换能器。在至少一个实施例中，例如，参照图23A，换能器1014可利用已经历第一量的工作循环的第一压电元件1032a(如果有的话)、已经历第二量的工作循环的第二压电元件1032b、已经历第三量的工作循环的第三压电元件1032c以及已经历第四量的工作循环的第四压电元件1032d。在至少一个此类实施例中，第一量的工作循环可为零或小于第二量的工作循环，第二量的工作循环可小于第三量的工作循环，第三量的工作循环可小于第四量的工作循环。在某些情况下，结果是，第四压电元件1032d可比第三压电元件1032c更多劣化或更无法做功，第三压电元件1032c可比第二压电元件1032b更多劣化，第二压电元件1032b可比第一压电元件1032a更多劣化。在此类实施例中，具有较少工作循环的压电元件可更靠近波节设置，使得较少劣化的压电元件可更有效地对纵向振动驻波作出贡献，并做更大量的功。换句话说，进一步地，换能器所生成的最大纵向位移或振动由设置在驻波波节处或附近的压电元件产生，其中设置在波节处或附近的较少劣化的压电元件可更好地利用其位置。
例如，在根据上述内容组装的换能器(例如，换能器1014)使用之后，换能器的压电元件(即，元件1032a、1032b、1032c和1032d)中的每一个将经历附加的工作循环，并可变得进一步劣化。在至少一个实施例中，结果是，可从换能器叠堆移除此时经历最多工作循环的压电元件1032d。剩余的其他压电元件(即，元件1032a、1023b和1032c)可在换能器叠堆内向外移位，或者在换能器叠堆内重新设置以使其进一步远离波节设置。在至少一个此类实施例中，现在参照图23B，例如，新的压电元件(例如，元件1032e)可设置在波节处或最靠近波节设置。在多个实施例中，例如，压电元件1032e可没有经历过工作循环，或者可比压电元件1032a经历较少的工作循环。在任何情况下，可重新组装换能器并再次使用。随后，可再次拆卸换能器，可将新的(或者至少较少使用过的)压电元件插入叠堆中。尽管将新的(或者至少较少使用过的)元件插入换能器叠堆中通常可能对应于从换能器叠堆移除相应量的压电元件，但也可想到这样的实施例：可将新的元件添加到换能器叠堆，从而增加叠堆内压电元件的总量。另外，尽管可在给定时间在换能器内替换成对的新的(或者至少较少使用过的)压电元件，但也可想到这样的实施例：在给定时间替换仅一个压电元件或超过两个的压电元件。
在多个可供选择的实施例中，进一步地，换能器内具有较多工作循环的压电元件可设置在波节处或最靠近波节设置，而具有较少工作循环的压电元件可较远离波节设置。在某些实施例中，由于具有较少工作循环的压电元件可更靠近波腹设置，所以此类压电元件能够平衡(或至少较好地平衡)由压电元件做的功。更具体地讲，如上面更详细讨论的，更靠近振动驻波的波腹设置的压电元件可经历较少的应力和应变，因此拉引电流和做功的能力较低，通过将新的或较少劣化的压电元件设置在波腹附近，此类压电元件能够补偿所述较少的应力和应变，并提供比较旧的或较多劣化的压电元件能提供的功更大量的功。类似地，通过更靠近波节使用较旧的或较多劣化的压电元件，此类元件可生成比新的或较少劣化的压电元件能提供的功分布更平的功分布。在多个实施例中，可生成更平的功分布，其在多种情况下是有益的，如本申请所述。
如上面更详细讨论的，超声器械可包括换能器、波导管和末端执行器，其中换能器可被构造用于生成振动，所述振动引起包括换能器、波导管和末端执行器的系统或组件以谐振频率振动。也如上所述，例如，此类组件的谐振频率可能受各种安装或连接构件的影响。在任何情况下，例如，所述组件可被设计为具有特定谐振频率，例如大约55000kHz。然而，由于多种制造误差，每一组件可能具有略微不同的谐振频率，结果是，可测试每一组件以便找到其谐振频率。如果确定需要调节组件的自然频率，则波导管和/或末端执行器的末端可被研磨，以便调节其长度，从而调节组件的谐振频率。尽管此类组装工艺可用于其预期目的，但此类工艺耗时和/或无法提供组件足够的可调节性。例如，在波导管的长度被研磨过多的情况下，波导管通常必须扔掉，而必须针对新的波导管重复调节工艺。
在多个实施例中，现在参照图24，超声器械可包括换能器1114、波导管1146和末端执行器1150，其可共同包括具有谐振频率的组件，其中波导管1146可安装到换能器1114，使得换能器1114可相对于波导管1146调节。更具体地讲，在至少一个实施例中，换能器1114可包括螺纹孔1115，该螺纹孔可被构造用于通过螺纹接纳波导管1146的螺纹末端1151，使得波导管1146可相对于换能器1114旋转，以使波导管1146和末端执行器1150沿着轴线1199运动。例如，波导管1146可沿顺时针方向旋转，以使末端执行器1150的远端1152相对于换能器1114朝远侧运动或远离换能器1114运动。相应地，波导管1146可沿逆时针方向旋转，以使末端执行器1150的远端1152朝近侧或朝着换能器1114运动。在某些实施例中，螺纹孔1115可在端罩1120的近端和前罩1122的远端之间延伸。在多种情况下，上述的结果是，换能器1114和末端执行器1150的远侧顶端1152之间的长度“L”可被调节，以调谐组件的谐振频率，使其匹配所需谐振频率。在至少一个实施例中，长度“L”可被调节为使得末端执行器1150的远侧顶端1152设置在纵向振动驻波的波腹处或其附近，和/或使得压电元件1132的换能器叠堆的中心设置在纵向振动驻波的波节处或其附近。
在任何情况下，例如，一旦波导管1146、末端执行器1150和换能器1114相对于彼此适当设置，波导管1146就可固定地连连到换能器1114。在至少一个实施例中，波导管1146可焊接到端罩1120和/或前罩1122。在某些实施例中，尽管未示出，但所述组件还可包括连接器，该连接器可被构造用于可操作且可脱开地将波导管1146连接到换能器1114。在至少一个此类实施例中，所述组件还可包括一个或多个压缩卡圈，其可通过螺纹接合到端罩1120和/或前罩1122上，以将端罩1120和/或前罩1122压向波导管1146，并在两者间形成摩擦接合。在此类实施例中，压缩卡圈可与端罩1120和/或前罩1122脱开，从而可再次调节波导管1146和换能器1114的相对位置。在多个实施例中，尽管未示出，超声组件可包括换能器和波导管、和/或末端执行器，其中波导管的至少一部分可压力接合到换能器内的孔中。在至少一个此类实施例中，即使在外科器械的普通操作过程中波导管可能相对于换能器固定，也可通过向其施加足够的轴向力来调节波导管在换能器孔中的位置。
在多个实施例中，也未示出，例如，超声器械可包括具有孔的换能器，另外，波导管或末端执行器能够插入所述孔中，其中可在波导管和换能器孔的侧壁之间形成热过盈接合。更具体地讲，在至少一个此类实施例中，换能器孔和波导管能够使得当换能器和波导管处于相同温度(或至少基本相同的温度)时波导管无法插入换能器孔中，但换能器可被加热以使得孔扩张，和/或波导管可被冷却以使其收缩，从而波导管可插入换能器孔中。由于这样的温度差，波导管和换能器孔的侧壁之间将存在足够的间隙，使得波导管相对于换能器的位置可调节。在换能器被充分冷却之后，和/或在波导管被充分加热之后，波导管和换能器孔的侧壁之间可存在过盈接合。这样的过盈接合可称为热过盈接合。在任何情况下，如果确定需要重新调节波导管的位置，则换能器可被再次加热，和/或波导管可被再次冷却，以便再次允许波导管相对于换能器运动。
在多个实施例中，包括换能器、波导管和/或末端执行器的组件的长度和重量可决定组件的谐振频率。在多种情况下，组件的长度可被选择为使得组件的谐振频率在电压或电流源可供应给换能器的频率范围内。在某些实施例中，给定换能器、波导管和/或末端执行器可能需要一起使用，在需要不同长度的波导管或不同的末端执行器的情况下，可能需要整个不同的外科器械。在多个可供选择的实施例中，现在参照图25，外科器械套件可包括手持件，所述手持件可包括换能器以及两个或更多个波导管和/或两个或更多个末端执行器，其可组装到换能器，以使外科器械适于具有各种长度和/或具有各种用途。更具体地讲，在至少一个实施例中，例如，套件可包括换能器1214、一体的第一波导管1246a和第一末端执行器1250a、以及一体的第二波导管1246b和第二末端执行器1250b，其中在至少一个此类实施例中，外科医生可选择性地将一体的第一波导管1246a和第一末端执行器1250a和/或一体的第二波导管1246b和第二末端执行器1250b组装到换能器1214，使得外科器械可具有不同的长度。在多个实施例中，一体的第一波导管1246a和末端执行器1250a的长度和质量可使得当其附接到换能器1214时，电压和/或电流源可以第一谐振频率向换能器1214供应功率，类似地，一体的第二波导管1246b和末端执行器1250b的长度和质量可使得当其附接到换能器1214时，电压和/或电流源可以第二或不同的谐振频率向换能器1214供应功率。在某些实施例中，第一和第二谐振频率可相同或至少基本相同。在多个实施例中，换能器1214可包括螺纹孔1268，波导管1246a和1246b可各包括螺柱1248，所述螺柱可通过螺纹插入螺纹孔1268中。在某些实施例中，一体的波导管1246a和末端执行器1250a可具有第一长度，所述第一长度是组件的谐振频率下的振动驻波的波长一半的整数倍，即，(n*λ)/2。类似地，在至少一个实施例中，例如，一体的波导管1246b和末端执行器1250b可具有第二长度，所述第二长度是组件的谐振频率下的振动驻波的波长一半的整数倍，即，(m*λ)/2，其中m可小于n。在多个实施例中，波导管和末端执行器的长度能够使得组件的顶端1252a和1252b和/或螺柱1248设置在振动驻波的波腹处或其附近。
在多个实施例中，进一步地，超声器械可包括换能器、波导管和末端执行器，其中超声器械还可包括至少部分地围绕换能器的壳体和至少部分地围绕波导管和/或末端执行器的护套。在至少一个实施例中，参照图26，超声外科器械1310可包括换能器1314、包围换能器1314的壳体1316、波导管1346、包围波导管1346的护套1341和末端执行器1350。在某些实施例中，外科器械1310还可包括一个或多个稳定支撑件1356，其可被构造用于在护套1341内支撑波导管1346和/或末端执行器1350。在至少一个此类实施例中，护套1341可包括柄部和/或能够由外科医生抓紧或握紧，使得外科医生能够精确地操纵外科器械1310，具体地讲，精确地操纵末端执行器1350的远端1352。在至少一个实施例中，护套1341的外表面的至少一部分可包括粗糙化和/或纹理化表面。在某些实施例中，护套1341的外表面可具有圆形(或至少大致圆形)的横截面，其直径为大约5毫米、大约10毫米、大约15毫米，和/或直径介于大约4毫米和大约16毫米之间。
在任何情况下，支撑件1356可足够刚性以在护套1341和波导管1346之间传递力，同时仍可足够适形以允许波导管1346和护套1341之间的相对运动。在某些实施例中，例如，支撑件1356还可抑制波导管1346和护套1341之间的振动传递。在多个实施例中，支撑件1356可设置在纵向振动驻波的波节处或其附近，但支撑件1356也可设置在任何合适的位置。例如，设置在纵向振动驻波的波节处或其附近的支撑件1356可经历较小的位移，因此较小的振动可传递至护套1341。在任何情况下，换能器壳体1316可安装到护套1341，其中在多个实施例中，壳体1316可粘附、紧固和/或以其他方式适当地附连到护套1341。在多个实施例中，壳体1316可安装到护套1341，使得壳体1316不与换能器1314直接接触。在至少一个此类实施例中，换能器1314和壳体1316可相对于彼此运动或浮动。在至少一个实施例中，再参照图26，例如，外科器械1310还可包括一个或多个适形支撑件，例如设置在壳体1316和护套1341中间的支撑件1353，其中支撑件1353可被构造用于抑制在护套1341和壳体1316之间传递的振动。在某些实施例中，支撑件1353可包括压缩于护套1341和壳体1316之间的O形环。由于这样的布置方式，在至少一个实施例中，可沿着外科器械1310的长度在任何合适的位置处发生换能器壳体1316和护套1341之间的连接，而与这样的位置是否处于纵向振动驻波的波节和/或波腹处有很少或没有关系。
在多个实施例中，进一步地，例如，换能器壳体(例如，换能器壳体1316)可由刚性(或至少基本刚性)材料构成，例如塑料。在某些实施例中，换能器壳体可足够柔性以使其能够在第一构型(其中换能器壳体不接触或至少基本不接触设置于其中的换能器)和第二位置(其中换能器壳体接触换能器)之间挠曲或弹性变形。在至少一个实施例中，现在参照图27-30，超声外科器械可包括换能器1414、至少部分地围绕换能器1414的换能器壳体1416以及可与换能器1414可操作地连接的波导管1446。与上面类似，尽管图27-30未示出，但外科器械还可包括至少部分地围绕波导管1446的护套，其中例如，壳体1416的至少一部分可安装到护套。在某些实施例中，参照图28，外科医生或其他临床医生可抓紧壳体1416以便向其施加抓握力并使其向内朝着换能器1414挠曲，使得壳体1416可接合换能器1414的至少一部分，例如抓握部分。在这种情况下，外科医生或临床医生在将波导管1446安装到换能器1414时可经由壳体1416将换能器1414保持就位。更具体地讲，在至少一个实施例中，例如，换能器1414可包括远端或抓握部分1422，其具有一个或多个平坦表面或至少基本平坦表面1421，所述表面在波导管1446的近端如上所述通过螺纹插入换能器时可由外科医生或临床医生容易地抓握。在这种情况下，再参照图28，外科医生或临床医生能够使换能器1414沿第一方向旋转或扭转，和/或使波导管1446沿第二或相反方向旋转或扭转，直到波导管1446和换能器1414适当地固定在一起。在其他多个实施例中，例如，换能器可包括可抓握特征，其可允许外科医生将波导管沿轴向或纵向插入换能器中。在任何情况下，在至少一个实施例中，例如，抓握部分1422可位于纵向振动驻波的波腹处。
在多个实施例中，一旦波导管已安装到换能器，外科医生或临床医生就可放开壳体1416，使得壳体1416充分扩张并不再与换能器1414接触。在多个实施例中，壳体1416可足够弹性以使其返回其初始形状。由于上述内容，在某些实施例中，换能器壳体可不接触换能器，因此在使用过程中不会阻碍或影响换能器所形成的振动驻波。在外科医生或临床医生试图将波导管1446从换能器1414上分离的情况下，他们可再次抓握壳体1416并使波导管和换能器沿相反方向旋转或扭转。在多个实施例中，尽管未示出，手柄的一部分可包括一个或多个向内延伸的联锁特征，当手柄向内朝着换能器压缩时，所述特征可被构造用于接合换能器上的对应联锁特征。此类实施例可提供键接结构，其可有利于在例如将波导管或末端执行器安装到换能器时将换能器保持就位。尽管未示出，可想到各种可供选择的实施例，其中柔性壳体安装到换能器至少一个位置，但可向内屈曲以如本申请所述将波导管或末端执行器连接到换能器。
在多个实施例中，如上所述，例如，超声外科器械的换能器所生成的功率和/或换能器所生成的振动的大小可与换能器的压电元件两端所施加的电势成比例。尽管增大施加于压电元件上的电压可增加换能器的功率输出，但如上所述，这样的功率增加会遭遇不期望的温度增加。在某些实施例中，现在参照图31，外科器械可包括波导管1546、末端执行器1550、第一换能器1514a和第二换能器1514b，其中波导管1546可安装到第一换能器1514a，并且其中第一换能器1514a可安装到第二换能器1514b。在至少一个实施例中，与上面类似，例如，换能器1514a和换能器1514b之一可包括螺纹孔，例如孔1568，换能器1514a和换能器1514b中的另一个可包括螺纹柱，例如柱1548，其中螺纹柱1548和螺纹孔1568能够将第一换能器1514a和第二换能器1514b牢固地紧固在一起。
在多个实施例中，进一步地，例如，可通过有选择地将第二换能器1514b连接到第一换能器1514a来增加超声器械的功率。在至少一个实施例中，可向外科医生提供套件，该套件包括手柄、第一换能器、第二换能器和波导管和/或末端执行器，其中如果外科医生期望外科器械具有第一或较低功率，则外科医生或其他临床医生可将第一换能器1514a插入手柄中并将第一换能器1514a组装到波导管和/或末端执行器，而不将第二换能器1514b组装到器械。在某些实施例中，当外科医生或其他临床医生接收到套件时，第一换能器1514a可能已经插入手柄中，并且可能已经与波导管和/或末端执行器可操作地接合。在任一种情况下，如果外科医生期望外科器械应该具有第二或较大的功率，则外科医生可有选择地将第二换能器1514b连接到第一换能器1514a、波导管和/或末端执行器。与上面类似，在某些实施例中，当外科医生或其他临床医生接收到套件时，第二换能器1514b可能已经组装到第一换能器1514a。
在多个实施例中，进一步地，外科器械套件可包括超过两个的换能器。在至少一个实施例中，例如，套件可包括：第一换能器，其能够供应第一量的功率；第二换能器，其能够供应第二量的功率；和第三换能器，其能够供应第三量的功率。在某些实施例中，套件可具有超过三个的换能器，在一些实施例中，套件内的换能器能够供应相同(或至少基本相同)量的功率。在任何情况下，外科医生或其他临床医生可从提供的换能器中进行选择，以便达到将供应给外科器械的所需量的功率。在至少一个此类实施例中，超过两个的换能器可被组装在一起，以便向波导管递送功率。在多个实施例中，再参照图31，换能器可以串联布置方式彼此连接，其中外科器械可递送的总功率可通过对每一换能器可递送的功率求和来确定。
在多个实施例中，进一步地，包括可操作地连接到外科器械的波导管和/或末端执行器的两个或更多个换能器的超声外科器械能够使得换能器生成彼此重叠(或至少基本重叠)的振动驻波。在至少一个实施例中，外科器械可包括：第一换能器，其在波导管内生成第一振动驻波；以及第二换能器，其在波导管内生成第二振动驻波，其中第一和第二振动驻波的波节和波腹可彼此重合(或至少几乎重合)。在至少一个此类实施例中，第一和第二振动驻波可互补，使得驻波所生成的位移彼此叠加，并具有加成效果。
在某些实施例中，现参照图32，两个或更多个换能器可以并联布置方式安装到超声外科器械的波导管和/或末端执行器。更具体地讲，在至少一个实施例中，超声外科器械可包括波导管1646、末端执行器1650、第一换能器1614a和第二换能器1614b，其中换能器1614a和1614b均可安装到波导管1646的共同安装部分。在某些实施例中，与上面类似，换能器和波导管可包括协作的螺纹孔和柱，其可用于将换能器固定到波导管。也与上面类似，换能器1614a和1614b所生成的纵向振动驻波可互补，使得驻波所生成的位移彼此叠加，并具有加成效果。在多个实施例中，尽管未示出，超声外科器械可包括可以并联和串联两种布置方式与波导管和/或末端执行器可操作地接合的换能器。例如，第一和第二换能器可彼此并联地直接安装到波导管，其中例如，第三换能器可安装到第一换能器，使得其与第一换能器串联，并且其中第四换能器可安装到第二换能器，使得其与第二换能器串联。
在多个实施例中，进一步地，外科器械的第一和第二换能器能够使得第一和第二换能器的压电叠堆中的每一个的中心设置在振动驻波的波节处或其附近。在其他多个实施例中，外科器械的第一和第二换能器能够使得第一换能器的压电叠堆的中心设置在波节处或其附近，第二换能器的压电叠堆的中心更靠近波腹设置。在此类实施例中，进一步地，第一压电叠堆能够比第二压电叠堆贡献更多的功，并可产生更多的热。在至少一个此类实施例中，结果是，第一换能器内的压电元件可不同于第二换能器内的压电元件。更具体地讲，第一换能器的压电元件，即，更靠近波节设置的换能器可由例如具有比第二换能器的压电元件的材料更高的应变常数的材料构成。在多个实施例中，第一换能器的压电元件可由例如具有比第二换能器的压电元件的材料更高的居里温度的材料构成。在某些实施例中，第一换能器的压电元件可包括比第二换能器的压电元件经历更高或更低量的工作循环的压电元件。
在多个实施例中，超声外科器械可包括波导管和/或末端执行器、第一换能器和第二换能器，其中如上所述，第一和第二换能器可与波导管和/或末端执行器可操作地接合。在至少一个实施例中，第一换能器和第二换能器可各自选择性地启动。在至少一个此类实施例中，外科器械可包括手柄，所述手柄可包括一个或多个开关，所述开关能够选择性地启动设置在其中的第一和第二换能器。例如，开关可从关闭位置运动到第一位置以便启动第一换能器，运动到第二位置以启动第二换能器，和/或运动到第三位置以启动第一换能器和第二换能器。在某些其他实施例中，手柄可包括：第一开关，其能够选择性地启动第一换能器；以及第二开关，其能够选择性地启动第二换能器。在此类实施例中，外科医生可选择将供应给波导管和/或末端执行器的功率。在各种可供选择的实施例中，外科器械可包括可选择性地启动的三个或更多个换能器。
在多个实施例中，如上所述，换能器可包括前罩、端罩以及压缩或夹在前罩和端罩之间的一个或多个压电元件。通常，前罩和/或端罩可包括轴，所述轴能够设置在压电元件中的孔内，以使压电元件彼此对齐。一旦换能器已被组装，在多个实施例中，就可将波导管和/或末端执行器可操作地安装到换能器。在本申请所述的多个其他实施例中，超声外科器械可包括波导管、末端执行器以及可直接安装到波导管和/或末端执行器的一个或多个压电元件。在至少一个实施例中，参照图33，外科器械可包括末端执行器1750和一体的对齐柱或轴1722，其中带有孔的压电元件可与柱1722对齐，使得压电元件可沿着柱1722滑动，直到其邻接肩部1746。在多个实施例中，现参照图34，超声外科器械可包括末端执行器1850、波导管1846和压电元件1832，其中元件1832可沿着轴1822滑动，直到其堆叠到波导管1846上。随后，例如，端构件(例如，端构件1820)可与对齐轴1822接合，并用于将压电元件1832固定在端构件1820和波导管1846之间。在至少一个此类实施例中，对齐轴1822可包括螺纹端，另外，端构件1820可包括螺纹孔，其中螺纹孔能够通过螺纹来接纳对齐轴1822的螺纹端。
在多个实施例中，如上所述，电势可施加到换能器的压电元件，以使压电元件收缩和伸展并产生振动。也如上所述，例如，这种电势可在两个值之间循环，例如在最小值和最大值之间循环。在多个实施例中，压电元件可极化，以使得电势可影响压电元件。更具体地讲，压电元件可经历极化处理，使得净电或磁偶极储存在某一压电元件中，其中电势可与磁偶极相互作用，引起压电元件振动。在极化处理过程中，可在压电元件的相对侧施加电极，使得大电场可施加于压电元件的两端，以排列压电材料内的畴并在压电元件内形成净磁偶极。在至少一个实施例中，电极可丝网印刷成电极，其中一个或多个模板可与压电元件的侧面对齐，并且其中带有导电性油墨的辊可在整个模板上滚动，使得导电性油墨选择性地施加于压电元件上。在某些实施例中，网状材料可施加于压电元件的表面，其中导电性油墨可受压穿过未被模板的掩蔽部分覆盖的网状或织造材料。
在多个实施例中，如上所述，用于极化压电元件的电极可被研磨掉和/或以其他方式从压电元件上去除，使得第二组电极可设置在换能器叠堆的各种压电元件中间，其中第二组电极可产生在外科器械的操作过程中使用的电势。在其他多个实施例中，可利用物理气相沉积工艺(PVD)将第二组电极施加于压电元件，其中例如，某些导电材料(例如，金属)可在低压环境下蒸发，使得导电材料可沉积到压电元件上。在某些实施例中，模板或掩模可设置在压电元件的表面上方，使得导电材料可选择性地沉积在压电元件上。
在多个实施例中，用于极化压电元件的电极还可用于在使用过程中向压电元件施加电势。在至少一个实施例中，电极可移印(pad-print)到压电元件上。在至少一个此类实施例中，例如，导电性油墨可设置或倾倒到印刷板上，其中油墨的表面在暴露于空气之后会变得发粘。随后，可将转印垫压到油墨上，使得油墨的发粘部分粘附到转印垫，可将转印垫设置在压电元件上方，并可将转印垫压到压电元件上，使得油墨粘附到压电元件。在此类实施例中，印刷板可具有各种浮雕或轮廓，其可限定印刷板的可储存导电性油墨的区域，相应地，可限定压电元件的将施加导电性油墨的相应区域。在多个实施例中，例如，导电性油墨可包括流体、银和/或碳。
在多个实施例中，进一步地，一个或多个电极可粘附到压电元件。在至少一个实施例中，现在参照图35，例如，换能器可包括一个或多个压电元件1932，其中每一压电元件1932可包括芯或盘1931、正电极1934和负电极1936。在至少一个此类实施例中，正电极1934和/或负电极1936可利用导电性粘合剂粘附到芯1931。结果是，在使用中，电压源可以可操作地连接到正电极1934和负电极1936，使得如上所述，可在正和负电极之间形成电势。例如，当压电元件1932组装到换能器叠堆，例如换能器叠堆1914(图36)时，压电元件1932可布置成使得其正和/或负电极彼此对齐。例如，压电元件1932a的负电极1936可设置成倚靠压电元件1932b的负电极1936，类似地，例如，压电元件1932b的正电极1934可设置成倚靠压电元件1932c的正电极1934。由于相邻负电极1936之间的接触，和/或由于相邻正电极1934之间的接触，负电极1934或正电极1936之一的极化可使相邻电极极化。
在多个实施例中，进一步地，每一电极可包括：主体，其粘附到压电元件芯1931；突出部或部分1935，其能够从电极主体和/或芯1931向外延伸。在至少一个此类实施例中，压电元件的压电元件芯1931可包括外侧轮廓，其中突出部或部分1935可相对于芯1931的外侧轮廓向外延伸。在某些实施例中，相邻压电元件1932的突出部1935可彼此连接。在至少一个此类实施例中，例如，可利用导电夹片、连接器和/或连接电极来连接相邻压电元件1932的突出部1935，使得相邻负电极1936或相邻正电极1934可彼此电连通，并具有相同(或至少基本相同)的电势。在至少一个实施例中，夹片1933可连接相邻的突出部1935，其中在至少一个实施例中，例如，夹片1933可包括弹簧，该弹簧可使夹片从开口构型偏置成封闭构型。在某些实施例中，如下面进一步更详细描述的，例如，各种压电元件的芯1931可包括对齐特征，其可被构造用于确保相邻压电元件仅能以一种方式(或有限的几种方式)彼此组装。在至少一个此类实施例中，对齐特征能够使得当压电元件的对齐特征彼此对齐(或至少基本对齐)时，电极的突出部1935彼此对齐(或至少基本对齐)。
在多个实施例中，现在参照图37和图38，例如，换能器叠堆2014可包括多个压电元件，例如元件2032，其中每一元件2032可包括负电极2034和正电极2036。在某些实施例中，换能器叠堆2014还可包括：一个或多个第一连接电极2033a，其可以可操作地连接多个负电极2034；一个或多个第二连接电极2033b，其可以可操作地连接多个正电极2036。更具体地讲，在至少一个实施例中，第一连接电极2033a可连接到与负电极2034相连的突出部2035，以便以相同(或至少基本相同)的电势极化每一负电极2034；另外，第二连接电极2033b可连接到与正电极2036相连的突出部2035，以便以相同(或至少基本相同)的电势极化每一正电极2036。在多个实施例中，例如，连接电极可包括黄铜或铜条或材料，其中第一连接电极2033a可焊接(用或不用焊料)到负电极2034，类似地，第二连接电极2033b可焊接(用或不用焊料)到正电极2036。在一些实施例中，连接电极可包括绝缘线和/或任何其他合适的导体。在某些实施例中，尽管未示出，例如，连接电极可包括一个或多个夹片或夹持元件，其可与突出部2035可操作地接合。在任何情况下，进一步地，例如，第一连接电极2033a可与电池2029和/或任何其他合适的电源的负端子可操作地连接，第二连接电极2033b可与电池2029的正端子可操作地连接。
在多个实施例中，参照图39，换能器叠堆2114的连接电极2133可相对于压电元件2132的外径(OD)或外侧轮廓径向向外设置。在多种情况下，压电元件2132的外径(OD)或外侧轮廓与换能器壳体2116之间可存在各种径向间隙，以便容纳连接电极2133。然而，这样的间隙可表示压电元件的损失功率容量。更具体地讲，如上所述，例如，具有较大直径的压电元件具有做较大量的功的容量，由于上述间隙可表示压电元件的直径或尺寸的损失，所以所述间隙可降低压电元件的功率容量。然而，在某些情况下，压电元件2132与换能器壳体2116之间的一些量的间隙G可能是可取的，以便适应压电元件2132的径向扩张或泊松扩张(Poisson’sexpansion)，尤其是当压电元件经受纵向收缩时。
在多个实施例中，现在参照图40和图41，换能器叠堆2214可包括多个压电元件2232、设置在压电元件2232中间的正极化电极2236和/或负极化电极2234、以及可操作地连接负电极2234和/或可操作地连接正电极2236的一个或多个连接电极2213。在至少一个实施例中，参照图41，每一压电元件2232可包括外径或外例轮廓以及其中的一个或多个凹槽、凹口或狭槽2239，其中凹口2239能够在其中设置连接电极2213。更具体地讲，在至少一个实施例中，例如，每一凹口2239可被调整尺寸并构造用于接纳连接电极2213，使得连接电极2213与凹口2239的侧壁之间存在间隙接合。在至少一个此类实施例中，例如，每一凹口2239的宽度可比连接电极2213的宽度“W”宽，深度比连接电极2213的高度“L”深。在至少一个实施例中，宽度W可为大约2mm，高度L可为大约0.6mm。在多个实施例中，连接电极2213和凹口2239能够使得连接电极2213不会延伸超出压电元件2232的外侧轮廓或相对于其向外延伸。在任何情况下，由于凹口2239，参照图41，例如，压电元件2232的最大外径(OD＝2r+2L)或外侧轮廓可大于压电元件2132的最大外径(OD＝2r)或外侧轮廓，结果，压电元件2232能够产生比压电元件2132更多的功率。在某些实施例中，例如，压电元件2232的直径(OD＝2r+2L)可具有大约8mm、大约10mm、大约12mm、大约14mm和/或大约16mm的直径，其中在某些实施例中，例如，与压电元件2132相比，此类压电元件可提供介于大约13％和大约53％之间的功率增加。
在多个实施例中，进一步地，例如，换能器叠堆2214的连接电极2213可将一个或多个负极化电极2234和/或一个或多个正极化电极2236与电源可操作地连接。例如，再参照图40，例如，连接电极2213可将第一正电极2236和第二正电极2236与电池的正端子连接，其中连接电极2213可包括桥，其跨越设置在第一和第二正电极2236中间的负电极2234而不与其可操作地接合。例如，在换能器叠堆的另一例，另一连接电极2213可将第二正电极2236与第三正电极2236可操作地连接，其中与上面类似，连接电极2213可包括桥，其跨越设置在第二和第三正电极2236中间的另一负电极2234而不与其可操作地接合。在多个实施例中，这种图形可重复，以便将换能器叠堆2214内的所有正电极2236与彼此以及电源的正端子可操作地连接。可从图41看出，压电元件2232可在其相对侧包括凹口2239，以便适应上述连接电极的布置，但其他布置方式也是可能的。与上面类似，例如，连接电极能够将第一负电极2234和第二负电极2234与电池的负端子连接，其中连接电极2213可包括桥，其跨越设置在第一和第二负电极2234中间的正电极2236而不与其可操作地接合。例如，在换能器叠堆的另一侧，另一连接电极2213可将第二负电极2234与第三负电极2234可操作地连接，其中与上面类似，连接电极2213可包括桥，其跨越设置在第二和第三负电极2234中间的另一正电极2236而不与其可操作地接合。
在多个实施例中，现在参照图42和图43，换能器叠堆2314可包括多个压电元件2332、设置在压电元件2332中间的正电极2336和/或负电极2334、以及可操作地连接负电极2334和/或可操作地连接正电极2336的一个或多个连接电极2313。在至少一个实施例中，压电元件2332可包括一个或多个平坦表面2339，其能够容纳连接电极2313，同时允许压电元件2332的平均直径与压电元件2132的平均直径相比增大。更具体地讲，参照图43，每一压电元件2332的各种圆形部分(即，平坦表面2339中间的部分)的直径可增大，使得压电元件的外径(OD＝2r+2L)为与连接电极2313所限定的直径相同的距离(或至少基本相同的距离)。在至少一个此类实施例中，这样的中间部分可增加每一压电元件2332的总体尺寸或面积，因此增加压电元件可做的功的量。在某些实施例中，与上面类似，例如，压电元件2332的多个部分可具有大约8mm、大约10mm、大约12mm、大约14mm和/或大约16mm的直径，其中在某些实施例中，例如，这种压电元件与压电元件2132相比可提供介于大约11％和大约42％之间的功率增加。在多个实施例中，例如，平坦表面2339可机加工到压电元件中。
在多个实施例中，如上所述，换能器的压电元件可经历极化处理，使得压电元件内可形成净偶极。在至少一个实施例中，这种净偶极可包括正电荷(+)、负电荷(-)以及负电荷和正电荷之间限定的净偶极矩矢量。在某些实施例中，现在参照图44和图45，例如，压电元件(例如，压电元件2432)的正电荷(+)可位于压电元件的一侧，而负电荷(-)可位于压电元件的相对侧。在至少一个此类实施例中，每一压电元件2432可包括一个或多个标记，其可指示净偶极矩矢量的方向。例如，压电元件2432可包括形成在其侧面的箭头2433，其中箭头2433可指向朝着正电荷而远离负电荷的方向。在至少一个实施例中，例如，箭头2433可研磨到、压到和/或蚀刻到压电元件的侧面中，而在其他实施例中，例如，箭头2433可在制造压电元件时与压电元件一体形成。在多个实施例中，箭头2433可从压电元件的侧面伸出和/或凹陷到压电元件的侧面内。在某些实施例中，箭头2433可涂到和/或以其他方式适当地施加到压电元件上。在任何情况下，具有至少一个标记的压电元件可允许组装换能器的人容易地识别压电元件的极性，从而快速且可靠地设置压电元件使其各极彼此正确对齐。在多个实施例中，第一压电元件的标记可与第二压电元件的标记对齐，以使第一元件的偶极矩矢量与第二元件的偶极矩矢量对齐。
除了上述之外或作为替代，压电元件可包括一个或多个索引特征，其可被构造用于确保相邻压电元件彼此正确对齐。例如，再参照图44和图45，压电元件2432可包括一个或多个凹陷或凹槽2437以及一个或多个凸起2439，其中凸起2439能够当压电元件2432彼此正确对齐时安置于凹陷2437内。更具体地讲，在至少一个实施例中，仅当压电元件沿着共同轴线2499对齐，并且压电元件2432的极性对齐，使得元件一侧上的正电荷(+)与相邻元件的正电荷对齐，和/或元件另一侧上的负电荷(-)与相邻元件的负电荷对齐时，凸起2439才可安置于凹陷2437内。如果索引特征之间没有适当对齐，参照图45，压电元件2432无法彼此正确安置，组装换能器的人或机器能够快速检测到这样的未对齐。在多个实施例中，例如，多个压电元件(例如，元件2432)能够使得其可成对组装，并且使得压电元件的面向外的表面平坦且彼此平行(或至少基本平坦且彼此基本平行)，其中再参照图44，元件的负电荷可与平坦表面相邻，并且其中各个成对的压电元件可堆叠在彼此上方，使得平坦表面负电荷彼此对齐。在至少一个此类实施例中，压电元件的偶极矩矢量可相对于压电元件的面向外的平坦表面垂直(或至少基本垂直)。
在多种情况下，如上所述，换能器的压电元件可能(不管什么原因)失去其产生足够振动以使超声外科器械的末端执行器振动的能力(或其能力的至少一部分)。一旦换能器已超过其使用寿命，换能器常常被处理掉。在多种情况下，例如，此类换能器的压电元件可至少部分地由铅和/或其他某些材料构成。在本申请所述的多个实施例中，换能器和/或外科器械可包括用于在期望处理掉换能器时封装或容纳换能器的压电元件的装置。在多个实施例中，现在参照图46，例如，换能器组件(例如，换能器组件2514)可包括换能器叠堆2518，其包括端罩2520、前罩2522、设置在例如端罩2520和前罩2522中间的一个或多个压电元件2532、以及被构造用于至少部分地包封换能器叠堆2518的封装件。在至少一个实施例中，封装件可围绕整个压电元件叠堆2518，使得仅前罩2522的一部分伸出封装件，以允许波导管和/或末端执行器与换能器叠堆2518可操作地接合。
在多个实施例中，进一步地，换能器组件2514可包括封装件2561，其可具有第一隔室2563和第二隔室2565，其中换能器叠堆2518可位于第一隔室2563内，材料2567可位于第二隔室2565内。在处理掉换能器组件2514之前，在至少一个实施例中，第二隔室2565可被破裂，使得材料2567从第一隔室2563流到第二隔室2565中，并至少部分地围绕换能器叠堆2518，如图47所示。在至少一个此类实施例中，参照图46，侧壁2569能够分离第一隔室2563和第二隔室2565，其中侧壁2569能够在至少一个位置处破裂。在多个实施例中，例如，侧壁2569可包括例如一个或多个划痕标记或弱点，其可确定侧壁2569最可能破裂的位置。在某些实施例中，封装件2561能够使得人可用其手挤压封装件2561，使分离第一隔室2563和第二隔室1265的侧壁2569破裂。在多个实施例中，封装件2561能够使得材料2567随后无法从封装件2561逸出(或至少基本无法逸出)。在至少一个此类实施例中，例如，封装件2561可被密封(或至少基本密封)到前罩2522，使得材料2567无法在封装件2561与前罩2522伸出封装件2561的部分之间流动(或至少基本无法流动)。
在多个实施例中，现在参照图48，换能器组件2614可包括封装件2661，其包括至少一个阀，所述阀可被打开以使第一隔室2665与第二隔室2663流体连通。更具体地讲，在至少一个实施例中，例如，封装件2661可包括侧壁2669和一个或多个阀2671，所述阀可选择性地打开，以允许材料2667从第一隔室2665流到第二隔室2663中。在至少一个此类实施例中，尤其是在材料2667为流体的实施例中，阀2671能够，在封装件2661被压缩时，当经受材料2667内所产生的足够的流体压力的情况下弹开。在多个实施例中，材料2667可在其处于第一隔室2665内时以及在其初始围绕换能器叠堆2618时为流体。然而，在某些实施例中，材料2667能够在其进入第一隔室2665中之后硬化。在至少一个此类实施例中，第一隔室2665可为气密的，当材料2667进入第二隔室2663中时，例如，材料2667可暴露于空气，这可导致其硬化。在任何情况下，无论材料是仍维持流体还是硬化，材料可将某些材料封装(或至少部分地封装)在换能器叠堆内，以进一步降低此类材料逸出封装件的可能性。
本申请公开的装置可被设计为在一次使用之后丢弃，或它们可被设计为多次使用。然而无论是哪种情况，该装置都可在至少使用一次后经过修复再行使用。修理可包括拆卸装置、清洗或更换具体部件、以及后续重新组装步骤的任何组合。具体地讲，可拆卸该装置，并且可按照任何组合选择性地更换或拆下装置的任何数量的特定零件或部件。清洗和/或更换特定部件后，可在修理厂或在紧临外科手术前由手术小组人员将器械重新装配，以供后续使用。本领域技术人员将会知道，装置的修理可利用拆卸、清洁/更换、和再组装的多种技术。这些技术的使用以及所得的修复器械均在本发明的范围内。
优选地，在外科手术前实施本申请所述的各种实施例。首先，获取新的或用过的器械，并根据需要进行清洗。然后可对器械进行消毒。在一种消毒技术中，将器械置于闭合并密封的容器中，诸如塑料或TYVEK口袋中。然后将容器和器械置于可穿透该容器的辐射场，例如γ辐射、X射线或高能电子。辐射将杀死器械上和容器中的细菌。然后可将消毒后的器械保存在消毒容器中。该密封容器将器械保持在无菌状态，直到在医疗设备中打开该容器。消毒还可通过本领域技术人员已知的任意多种方式进行，包括β辐射、γ辐射、环氧乙烷和/或蒸汽消毒。
在多个实施例中，超声外科器械可以波导管和/或末端执行器已经与外科器械的换能器可操作地连接的形式提供给外科医生。在至少一个此类实施例中，外科医生或其他临床医生可将超声外科器械从消毒包装中取出，如上所述将超声器械插入发电机中，并在外科手术过程中使用超声器械。这种系统可不再需要外科医生或其他临床医生将波导管和/或末端执行器组装到超声外科器械。在超声外科器械使用过之后，外科医生或其他临床医生可将超声器械置于可密封的包装中，其中可将所述包装运送至消毒设施。在消毒设施处，超声器械可被灭菌，其中任何已消耗部件可被丢弃并更换，而任何可重复使用的部件可被消毒并再次使用。随后，超声器械可被组装、测试、置于消毒包装中和/或在置于包装中之后消毒。一旦消毒，重新处理过的超声外科器械就可再次使用。
虽然本申请已描述了多种实施例，但可以对这些实施例进行多种修改和变型。例如，可以采用不同类型的末端执行器。另外，凡是公开了用于某些元件的材料的，均可使用其他材料。上述具体实施方式和下述权利要求旨在涵盖所有这样的修改和变化形式。
以引证方式全文或部分地并入本申请的任何专利、公布、或其他公开材料仅在所并入的材料不与本发明所述的现有定义、陈述、或其他公开材料相冲突的范围内并入本申请。同样地并且在必要的程度下，本申请明确阐述的公开内容取代了以引证方式并入本申请的任何冲突材料。如果任何材料或其一部分以引证方式并入本申请，但与本申请所述的现有定义、陈述、或其他公开材料相冲突，那么仅在所并入的材料与本公开材料之间不产生冲突的程度下才将其并入本申请。

Claims (4)

1.一种外科器械，所述外科器械包括：
换能器，所述换能器能够生成振动；和
封装件，所述封装件包括：
第一隔室，其中所述换能器设置在所述第一隔室内；
第二隔室；以及
设置在所述第二隔室内的材料，其中所述材料能够从所述第二隔室分配到所述第一隔室中，以至少部分地围绕所述换能器。
2.根据权利要求1所述的外科器械，其中所述封装件还包括隔离所述第一隔室和所述第二隔室的侧壁，其中所述侧壁能够破裂，以允许所述材料进入所述第一隔室中。
3.根据权利要求2所述的外科器械，其中所述材料能够在所述侧壁破裂之前为流体，并且其中所述材料能够在其进入所述第一隔室中之后硬化。
4.根据权利要求1所述的外科器械，其中所述封装件还包括阀，所述阀能够被打开，以使所述第一隔室与所述第二隔室流体连通，并允许所述材料进入所述第一隔室中。
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