CA2194671A1 - Method of forming medical devices; intravascular occlusion devices - Google Patents
Method of forming medical devices; intravascular occlusion devicesInfo
- Publication number
- CA2194671A1 CA2194671A1 CA002194671A CA2194671A CA2194671A1 CA 2194671 A1 CA2194671 A1 CA 2194671A1 CA 002194671 A CA002194671 A CA 002194671A CA 2194671 A CA2194671 A CA 2194671A CA 2194671 A1 CA2194671 A1 CA 2194671A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- fabric
- metal fabric
- guidewire
- trap
- screen
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B17/12099—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the location of the occluder
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B17/12099—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the location of the occluder
- A61B17/12109—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the location of the occluder in a blood vessel
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B17/12131—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device
- A61B17/12136—Balloons
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B17/12131—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device
- A61B17/12168—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device having a mesh structure
- A61B17/12172—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device having a mesh structure having a pre-set deployed three-dimensional shape
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B17/12131—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device
- A61B17/12168—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device having a mesh structure
- A61B17/12177—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device having a mesh structure comprising additional materials, e.g. thrombogenic, having filaments, having fibers or being coated
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
- A61B17/221—Gripping devices in the form of loops or baskets for gripping calculi or similar types of obstructions
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/01—Filters implantable into blood vessels
- A61F2/0105—Open ended, i.e. legs gathered only at one side
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/01—Filters implantable into blood vessels
- A61F2/011—Instruments for their placement or removal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21F—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF METAL WIRE
- B21F45/00—Wire-working in the manufacture of other particular articles
- B21F45/008—Wire-working in the manufacture of other particular articles of medical instruments, e.g. stents, corneal rings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B2017/00526—Methods of manufacturing
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/01—Filters implantable into blood vessels
- A61F2002/016—Filters implantable into blood vessels made from wire-like elements
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2230/00—Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2230/0002—Two-dimensional shapes, e.g. cross-sections
- A61F2230/0004—Rounded shapes, e.g. with rounded corners
- A61F2230/0006—Rounded shapes, e.g. with rounded corners circular
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2230/00—Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2230/0063—Three-dimensional shapes
- A61F2230/0067—Three-dimensional shapes conical
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2230/00—Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2230/0063—Three-dimensional shapes
- A61F2230/0069—Three-dimensional shapes cylindrical
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2230/00—Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2230/0063—Three-dimensional shapes
- A61F2230/0073—Quadric-shaped
- A61F2230/0078—Quadric-shaped hyperboloidal
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2230/00—Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2230/0063—Three-dimensional shapes
- A61F2230/0073—Quadric-shaped
- A61F2230/008—Quadric-shaped paraboloidal
Abstract
The present invention provides a method of forming a medical device and medical devices which can be formed in accordance with the method. In one embodiment, the method includes the steps of: a) providing a metal fabric formed of a plurality of strands formed of a metal which can be heat treated to substantially set a desired shape; b) deforming the metal fabric to generally conform to a surface of a molding element; c) heat treating the metal fabric in contact with the surface of the molding element to substantially set the shape of the fabric in its deformed state; and d) removing the metal fabric from contact with the molding element. The resulting metal fabric will define a medical device which can be collapsed for passage through a catheter or the like for deployment in a channel of a patient's body. Medical devices made in accordance with this method can have varying structures. In one embodiment, the medical device (250) is carried by a guidewire (260) and has a metal fabric (270) extending between first and second ends (272, 274), one end (274) of the device (250) being adapted to slide along the guidewire (260). The metal fabric (270) has a collapsed configuration in which the ends (272, 274) of the metal fabric (270) are spaced from one another along the guidewire (260) and a preset expanded configuration in which the ends (272, 274) of the metal fabric (270) are positioned closer to one another. The metal fabric (270) will cause the device (250) to elastically substantially resume its preset expanded configuration when released from confinement within a channel in a patient's body.
Description
wog6/olssl 2 1 9 4 6 7 1 rcrlus95/o86l3 I~IOD OF FO~ G M~)ICAL DE'VICES:
INTRAV~CUT AR OCCLUSION DEVICES
F!~ n OF T~ 7t~ TlON
The present invention generally relates to ~a~O~ular devices for treating S cer~in medical conditions and, more particuhrly, provides a method of forming intravascular dwices and certain novd intravascular occlusion devices. The devices made in ~ - Y ' ~e with the invention ar;e ~liw1~1~r wdl suited for del;~v. ~ through a catheter or the l~ce to a rea~note location in a paffent's vascular system or in analogous vessels within a paffent's body.
BACKGRO~ND OF '1~ INV~IION
A wide variety of ihlt~a~ular devices are used in various medical ~ v~<~dules Celtain intravasculOr devices, such as c~heters and gl ide~ vs~ are geae~ally used simply to deliver fluids or other medic. l devices to ~pecific locations within a patient's body, such as a l;vl~ v site within the vas~eular system. Other, frequently more15 complex, devices are used in t~eating specific c~n~ such as devices used in removing ~,..5. ul~r ocr~ A~ or for treating septal defects and the like.
In certain ci,- ul..s~nces, it may be necessary to occlude a patient's v~ssel, such as to stop blood flow t}~ugh an artery to a tumor or other luion. Presen~y, this is commonly ~ c~4~ ch~d simply by ;~ g, e.g. Ivalon p~ticlf s, a trade name for 20 vascular occlusion pallicles, and short sections of coil springs into a vessel at a desired n These "em~ agents" will eventuaDy become lodged in the vessel, &~u~ floating do.. I.~eam of the site at which they are released before ~ ' - c~inp the vessel. In part due to the inability to p.~ly position the embolization agents, this procedure is often limited in its utility.
Detachable balloon catheters are also used to block patients' vessels. When using such a catheter, an t~ ble balloon is carried on a distal eDd of a catheter.
When the catheter is guided to the desired l~?tinn, the baDoon is fiDed with a fluid un~l it ,-.1,~ lly f~ls the vessel and becomes lodged therein. Resins which will- harden inside the balloon, such as an acrylonitrile, can be employed to ~-.-- ~f ~ r fix WO96101591 2 1 ~ 4 6 7 1 Pcrluss5Jo86l3 the size and shape of the balloon. The balloon can then be d - ~ ~ from the end of the catheter and left in place.
Such balloon cmbo~ c are also prone to cer~ain safe~y p1~1cmc though.
FOJ example, if the balloon is not filled enough, it will not be finnly f~xed in the S vessel and may drift do ~ l within the vessel to anothcr location, much like the loose embolization agents noted above. In order to avoid this problem, l~h~i.;c~s may overfill the ~llnons it is not uncommon for Ip'11~nc to n~rc and relea5e the resin into the patient's blood~L ~-,.
I~ still o~ber l,lvc~lcis, it may not be ~ q to pumanes~y occlude a 10 vessel, but it may be n= y to provide a filter or the lilce to prevent thrombi f~m passing a particular locatioD. Por example, rotating burrs are used iD removing atberoma from the lumen of patients' blood vessels. These bum can ~rr~t;~cly ulge the atheroma, but tbe ~ lgr~ material will simply float do .~m with the flow of blood through the vessel unless steps are tal~en to capture the material.
Some researchers have plVpO5~XI various traps or filters for c~ e the panticulate mattcr released or created in such p ~-~, IIo.._._., such filters generally have not proven to be eYc~l;o~ y eÇf~L~/~ in actual use. Such filters tend to be cumbel~ol"c to use and accurate d rlo~ment is problematic because if they are not p~ ly seated in the vessel they can drift to a more distal site where they are 20 lilcely to do more harm than good. In ~ ion, these filters are generally capaSle of only l~a~)p~ leL~ cly large thrombi and are not effective means for removing smaller embolic ~ icles from the blood stream.
The p~blems with b --~po ~ filters, which are intended to be used only during a particular PIU~h~IG then .et~et~d with the thrombi trapped therein, are more 25 ~l.n lced ~ven if the trap does effectively capture the tl;clo~d material, it has proven to be relatively diffïcult or complex to retIact the trap back into the catheter through which it was del;~ without simply dumping the trapped thrombi back into the blood strearn, d f~ e the purpose of the temporary filter device. For this reason, most atherectomy devices and the ILke tend to aspirate the patient's blood 30 during the IJ~)CGdI~IG to remove the l1;C1~,~ material entrained therein.
~ e~ ;on devices, filters and traps have been pl~o~d in the past. Even if some of those devices have proven ~ fÇ~ , they tend to be rather WO96101591 2 1 9 4 6 7 1 ~ SI08613 expeinsive and time-co~ g to manufacture. For example, some h~t~a~ul~ blood filters ~ t- ~ by others are fonned of a plurality of specially-sha~ed legs which are adapted to fill the vessel and dig into the vessel walls. In mahng most wcb filters, the legs must be individually formed and then painct~kingly attached to onc another, 5 frcquently entirely by band, to nQsPn~ tbe final filter. Not only does this take significant sl~illed manpower, and hence ;~ , lhe costs of such devices, ~e facttha~ each item must be made by hand tends to make quality control more ~ h This i~une difficulty and expense of manut; 1~ is not limited to wch filtcrs, but is in many other ~.,t~ aisc ular devices as well.
Ac~d;.~ , it would be desirable to provide a method for forming devices for deployment in a vessel iD a patient's vessel which is both economicl and yields consistent" ~ e results. It would also be advantageous to provide a reliable em~~ device which is both easy to deploy and can be ~ t' ly placed in a vessel. Furtbermore, ~ere is a aesd in the art for a trap or filter which caa be15 d~lu~ within a vessd for ~ t~ 2 thrombi, which trap can be reliably dcjployed; if the trap is to be useid only t -~pr..,.. ~ly, it should be readily withdrawn from the patient without simply ~J~ )J the trapped thrombi back into the blood stream.
SU~lARY OF THE INV~mON
The present ~ ,.u.ides a method for fonning intravascular devices from 20 a resilient metal fabric and medical devices which can be fonned in accordance witb this method. In the method of the i..~ tion, a metal fabric fonned of a plurality of resilient strands is p~vided, with the wires being fonned of a resilient r ~-~Pnql wbich can be heat treated to ~vb~- t;~lly set a desi~d shape. Tbis fabric is tben defonned to gene~lly conform to a mol~ surface of a molding elemeDt and the fabric is heat 25 treated in contact with the surface of the molding element at an elevated temperature.
The time and t~ c of the heat treatment is selected to substantially set the fabric in its d~Çul~l-ed state. After the heat ~ t~ the fabric is le...o~l from contactwith the moldiDg element and will ~-b~ y retain its shape in ~e deformed state.
The fabric so treated defines an ~p~n~led state of a medical device which can be30 d~lo1~ through a catheter into a cbannel in a patient's body.
In accolddllcc with the method of the i..~e.llion, a distal end of a catheter can be po,:~;o~d in a channel in a patient's body to position the distal end of the catheter W096~OlS91 2 l ~ 4 67 1 ~ 3 adjaccnt a t~eatment site for treating a ~h~ co~ ;o~ A medical device made in accol~ce with the process outlined above can be collapsed and ioserted into thc lumen of the catheter. The device is urged through the catheter and out the distal cnd, whereupon it will tend to return to its expanded state ~ rP~ 1 the treatmeDt site.
S Purther embodiments of the present invention also provide ~pecific medica~
devices which may be made in accordance with the present invention. Such devices of the iovention are formed of a metal fabric and have an e~p~A~ configu~ation and a coofiguration. The devices are collapsed for deploymeot through a catheter and, upon exitiog the distal end of the catoeter in a paticnt's chaoncl, will ~
substantially renlrn to their e~panded CODf;6.~ " In accordance with a first of these anbodiments, a geneIally e~ ~t medical device bas a generally tubular middle portion and a pair of e~paoded diameter ~.liol~s, with' onc ex~anded diameter porlion positioned at either end of the middle portion. In another cmbodiment, the medical device is generally bell-shaped, having an elongate body havmg a tapered first end and 15 a hrger sesond end, the second end ~le~ g a fabric &c which will be oriented gencsaliy perpendicular to an axis of a channel when deployed therein.
Bk~ DESCRIP~ON OF THB DRAWINGS
Figures lA and lB each depict a metal fabric suitable for use with the invendon;
Figures 2A and 2B are a side view and a pe-.~ e view, ~1i~el~ of a - molding elcment and a length of a metal fabric suitable for use in fomling a medical device in acco~ cG with the i..~OliOO, the mold beiog in a d~ d state;
Pigure 3A is a P~ e view sl-o..iug the molding element and metal fabric of Figure 2 in a partially ~ b!q~ state;
Figure 3B is a ClG30 U~ view of the higolighted area of Figure 3A ~ho.. iog theco~ ~sion of the metal fabric in the molding ch~
Figure 4 is a cn)ss s~ ;n~l view showiog the ~ld- g element and metal fabric of Figure 2 in an assembled state;
Figun~s 5A aod SB are a side view and an end view, ~ ly, of a medical 30 device in acco,~ with the invention;
Wog610~ss1 2 t 9 ~ 6 7 1 ~ 3 Figures 6A-6C are a side view, an end view and a ~c~ e view, iv~ly, of 8 medical device in accord. nce with another ~ bo~ of the invention;
Figure 7 is a side, cross seational view of a molding element suitable for 5 fonning tbe medical device shown in Figures 6A-6C;
Figure 8 is a se~ ;c illustration showing the device of Figures 6A-6C
d~lo, ~:d in a channel of a patient's v~uhr ~ystem to occlude a Patent Ductus Arteriosus;
Figures 9A and 9B are a side view and an end view, ~ ly, of a medical 10 devioe in accc l~n~ with yet another embodiment of the il.~ t;on~
Figure lOA is a side view of one molding element suitable for forming the ilJ;~ of Figures 9A and 9B;
Figure lOB is a cross ~ nql view of another molding element suitable for folmiog tbe invention of Pigures 9A and 9B;
Figure lOC is a cross ~;.. ,L~l vie~v of still anotber molding element witable for forming tbe invention of Pigures 9A and 9B;
Figure l lA is a s~ side view of yet another medical device made in nre with the i~ showing the device in a coll~rsed state for d ~ e.lt in a patient's vascular system;
Figure llB is a schematic side view of the medic~ device of Figure llA in an expanded state for deployment in a patient's vascular s3rstem;
Figure 12A is a schematic side view of an al~ e e~ of the invcntioo of Figure llA sh~ing the device in a collapsed state ~vithdn a catheter for deployment;
Figure 12B is a 5Çh~ ' side view of the device of Figure 12A ~ho.......... i.-g the device dcplG~ed dis~ally of the c~th~,t~., Figure 13 is a schematic p.,.~)ccti~re view showing a medical device io accon' - ~ with yet a further embodiment of the invention collapsed within a catheter for deployment in a channel in a patient's body;
Figure 14 is a s '- r- - side view of the device of Figure 13 in a pa~ially deployed state; and W096/0159~ 2 1 9ll 671 ~n7cs~
~.
Figll~e 15 is a sch ~ ;r s;de Yie~r of the devicc of Fi~re 13 in a ~fu~ly dcployed state.
DETAIL~ DESCRIPI~ON OF TR~ PR~FERRED E~BODIME~TS
Thc p~scnt ~ n provides a l~,p~xlu~ ;hl~, relatively i~ ;Ye method of S fo~ung devices for usc in ch~nA~l~ in patients' boties, such as vascular ch~nn~ls, urinaTy tracts, biL~ary ducts and thc like, as well as devices which may bc madc via that method. In forming a metica~ deYice via the mcLhod of the invcntion, a me 1fabric I0 is p~ idcd. The fabnc is formcd of a plurality of wi~e strands ha~nng a p~ ,d rclativc ~ r ~io~ b~ ~h the strands. FiguT~s IA and lB ill~ e 10 ~o e~ plcs of maal fabrics whicl~ suitablc for use in the method of the invendon.
In ~be fabric of Figure IA, the mct~l s~nds define t~o scts Or ~55rn~ y parallel genesally helical 5t~ands, with the st~a~ds of one set having a ~hand", i.e. a rli~o~jnn of rotation, o~ tbat of the othcr set. This defines a gcnerally tubul~15 fabnc, Icnown in thc fabnc industry as a hbular braid. Such tubu}ar bra~ds arc ~cll known in the fabric arts and find some ~lir~tjnnc in the medical device field astubular fabri~c, such as L~ ~;nto.l,~ng thc wa~l of a guiding ca~heter. As such braids are wcll known, they need not bc ~ rl~55ed a~ length here.
Thc pitch of thc ~ire st~nds fi.c. the angle dcfincd bctween thc ~un~s of ~he 20 wi~ and thc axis of thc braid) and the piclc of tbc fabric (i.c. thc number Or tums per unit lengt~) may bc adjusted as desired for a particular application. For ~Y~pl~, if the mcdical deYice to be fonned is to be used to occlude thc channcl irl which it is placed, the pitch and pick of thc fabric will tcnd ~o bc highcr than if the devicc is simply in~ ~dr~ to filter bodily fluid pass ng the~through.
~5 For e~rnp!~, in usin~ a ~ubular b~aid such ~s thal shown in Figurc lA lo fonn a device such as that illustrated in Figurcs SA and 5B, a Nbul~r br~ud of about 4 mm ~n r~ c~r with a pi~ch of about 50~ and a pick of about 74 ~er lincar inch~rould ~ ; j secm suitable for a devices use~ in o~ i.,e-~hqnn~l~ on the order of about 2 mm to about ~ mm in inner di~n~ r, as dctailed bclow in COn~C~ ~ith the cm~odimenl of 3Q Figures SA and 5B.
A~AE~ D S~
wos6/olss1 2 1 9 ~ 6 7 1 }~ 9s10~6l3 Figure lB i~ st~tps another t~pe of fabric which is suitable for use in the method of the ~t;on. This fabric is a more co~ "~nal fabnc and may take the form of a flat woven sheet, knitted sheet or the like. In the wo~ren fabAc shown in ~ Figure lB, there are also two sets 14 and 14' of generally pa~alld ~ands, with one set 5 of strands being oriented at an angle, e.g. gene~aIly perpendicular ~a~ing a pick of about 90~), with respect to the other set. As noted above, the pitch and pick of this fabric (or, iD the case of a knit fabnc, the pick and the pattem of the kit, e.g. Jersey or douUe knits) may be selected to op~mize the desired p ~ li~ of the final medical device.
The wire strands of the met~l fabnc used in the pr~ent method should be fonned of a material which is both r~Q;li~n~ and can be heat treated to substantially set a desired shape. Materials which are belic.~ to be suitable for this purpose include a cobalt-based low thermal ~ ;on alloy referred to in the field as Elgiloy, nickel-based h;gh ~ature high-strength "supe alloys" commcrcially a~ailable from Haynes International under the trade name Hastelloy, ni~l bascd heat treatable alloys sold under the name Incoloy by InterDational Nickel, and a number of different grades of stainless steel. The Illl~olL~t factor in choosing a suitable n ~ iql for the wires is that the wires retain a suitable amount of the deformation induced by the molding surface (as d~sc~ d below) when subjected to a p ~d~ t -~ heat t~atment.
One class of m~nql~ which meet these qualific~ions arc s~called s~ape memory alloys. Such alloys tend to have a ~m~ c induced phase change which will cause the material to have a l,lef~,..Gd co ~fi~ t;n~ which can be fLl~ed by heating the mqt~-iql above a certain !-~n~;~;on temperature to induce a change in the phase of the material. When the alloy is cooled back down, the alloy will ~ the 25 shape it was in during the heat t~ t and will tend to assume that CQ'~
unless CQ~ F~ from so doing.
One pa~icularly ~.ef~..-Gd shape memory alloy for use h the p e~ent method is nitinol, an appr.,~ tely stoichiometric alloy of nickel and titanium, which may also include other minor ~mOuT~tc of other metals to achieve desired PI~J lie~c. Nll i alloys 30 such as nitinol, including ap~.u~ e C~ Q5;~;nnC and ~ g reqllU~,~U~t~, are well known in the alt and such alloys need not be d;~ d in detail here. For example, U.S. Patents 5,067,489 (Lind) and 4,991,602 (Amplatz et al.), the t, ~nl~;~,c of which ? 1 9467 1 wo sc/olss~ ,~uscl3 are i,.col~rated herein by ,~f~ci--e, discuss the use of shape memory NiTi alloys in .,id~ ..i,~s. Such NiTi alloys are l.~f~.~;d, at least in part, because they are~1l",1cn ially avilable and more is known about h-~llin~ such alloys than other known sbape ll.~.o~ y alloys. NiTi alloys are also vcry clastic - thcy are said to be 5 ~u~.~ l~t;c" or "p~ -~do~ c'ic". This ~l~ticity will help a device of thc invendon retum to a present e~= ~d configuration for d~l~u.cnt.
The wire strands can ~ ~1-,;ce a ~ ~d mon~fi1q~rnt of the selectcd materiall i.e. a standard wire stock may be used. If so desirod, though, thc individual wire strands may be formed from "cables" made up of a plurality of individual wircs.
10 Por example, cables formed of metal wires where several wires are helically ~. ,appcd about a oent~al wire are c~"~e~;~lly available and NiTi cables having an outer A;~ r of 0.003 inches or less can be ~u~has~. One advantage of certain cables isthat they tend to be "softer" than Inonofi~q~nent wires having the same diamder and formed of the same material. ~ ;OA~11Y~ if the devioe being formed from the wire15 ~ands is to be used to occlude a vessel, the use of a cable can ~...,.~se the effective surface area of the wire strand, which will tend to p~.~ole ~u ~ c In p~ ;on of forming a medic.,l device in keeping with the i,,~ ~;o~, an applu~ndtul), sized piece of the metal fabric is cut from the larger piece of fabric which is formed, for example, by ~lA;.I;.~e wire strands to form a long tubular braid.
20 The ~ ci~ ~s of the piece of fabric to be cut will depend, in large part, upon the size and shape of the medical device to be formed lhclef ......
When cutting the fabric to the desired dimP- -ior s, care should be taken to ensure that the fablic will not unravel. In the case of tubular braids formed of Nm alloys, for example, the individual wire strands will tend to return to their heat-set 25 co- r~ ;unless co-~ d;--~ If the braid is heat treated to set the strands in the braided configu.dt;u,., they will tend to remain in the braided form and only the ends will become f~ayed. However, it may be more C~4~ ;C~l to simply fo~m the braid without heat treating the blaid since the fabric will be heat treated again in forming the medical device, as noted below.
In such ~ t.~t~,d NiTi fabrics, the strands will tend to return to their ~ 1P~
c~- r~ ;nn and thc braid can unravel fairly quickly unless the ends of the length of b~aid cut to form the device are cor~ ;--ed relative to one another. One method W09ClOlS91 2 1 9 4 6 7 1 ~ 35,~sl3 which has proven to be useful to prcvent the braid from L~ elu~g is to clamp theblaid at two l~ ~;'JI~ and cut the braid to leave a length of the braid having clamps (15 in Figun~ 2) at either end, thereby effectively de r;-~ ~g an cmpty space within a scaled length of fabric. These clamps lS will hold thc cnds of the cut braid togethcr S and prcvcnt the braid from UlU~tCling.
Alternativcly, onc can solder, braze, weld or oth~ e affiY the ends of the desircd Icngth t~,~ r (e.g. with a biocompatible ~ ~-til;-~ organic mate~ial) bcfore cutting tbe braid. Although soldering and brazing of Nl~l alloys has provcn to be fairly ~1:4fi.',~-1t, the ends can be welded h b.,lh.,l, such as by spot wcl&g wilh a laser wclder.
The same problems present l~ ~lves when a flat sheet of fabric such as the woven fabric shown in Figure lB is used. With such a fabric, the fabric can be inveIted upon itself to form a recess or d~ Ol~ and the fabric can be clamped about this recess to form an empty pocket (not soown) before the fabric is cut. If it is desired to keep the fabric in a gene~ally flat CO--r~ dtiOO, it may be ne ~ to weld tbe junctioDs of the strands ~ r adjacent the p~ of the desired piece of fabric before that piece is cut from the larger sheet. So connecting the ends of the strands tog~h_r will prevent fabrics formed of untrcated shape memory alloys and the like from um~eling during the forming process.
Oncc an app~iately sized piece of the metal fabric is obtaincd, the fabric is d~,fu~u~cd to generally co lfulul to a ~uface of a molding element. As will be tA more fully from the tl;5~ on below in connection with Figures 2-16, so d~rU.I~g the fabric will reorient the reladve posidons of the st~ands of the metal fabric from their initial order tO a second, reoriented configuradon. The sbape of the , ~lAil~g element should be selected to deform the fabric into i,-b~ y the shape of the desired medical device.
The ~ element can be a single piece, or it can be formed of a series of mold pieces which tog ~h. r define the surface to which the fabric will generally U~III. The molding element can be ~sP ~, ~d within a space e~ o3ed by the fabricor can be extemal of such a space, or can even be both inside and outside such a- space.
WOg6/01591 2 1 9 A 5 7 ~ 086l3 In order to illustrate one r'e of how such a mold may be cQ~r~e~ d and how it may be used in accul~nee with the method of the invention, ~fu.~nce will be had to Figures 2-5. In Figures 2-4, the molding element 20 is fonned of a number of separate pieces which can he ~ ched to one anot_er to complete the molding element 5 20. In using such a multi-piece molding element, the mold can be assembled about the cut length of fabric 10, thereby ~l~;r.~ g the fabric to generally conform to the desired surface (or surfaces) of the molding element.
In the molding element illustrated in Figures 2 4, the metal fabric 10 is d~fo,,1,ed to generaDy c~ f~ to a surface of the malding element 20, the molding10 element comprising a center section 30 and a pair of end plates 40. Turning first to the center section 30, the center section is desirably formed of oppose~d halves 32, 32 which can be moved away from one another in order to ,h~l uduce the metal fabric 10 into the mold. Although these two halves 32, 32 are shown in the d.~..,l.g;. as being completely D~ t ~ from one another, it is to be und~buod that thcse halves could15 be i.lt~ ~o~ ;1 such as by means of a hinge or the like, if so desired. The ~pposed halves of the molding element 20 shown in the ~ Wh.~;~ of Figures 2 and 3 each include a pair of semi-circular recesses oppos~ on either side of a ridge defining a genelally semi circular oppnir~. When the two halves are ~ -''~ in forming the device, as best seen in Figure 3, the semi-circular openings in the apposed halves 32, 20 32 mate to define a generaDy circular f~,.~ng pOlt 36 passing through the center section 30. S~.;h.ll~, the semi-circular recesses in the t~o halves lo~h~ form a pair of gene~ally circular central recesses 34, with one such recess being ~ on either face of the center section.
The overall shape and ~lim~nci~nc of the center section can be varied as desired;
25 it is generally the size of the centIal recesses 34 and the forming port 36 which wiD
define the size and shape of the middle of the finished device, as e~y~ rA below. If so desired, each half 32 may be provided with a manually ~ P y~jF~i~n 38. In the c- -bo~ shown in the drawings, this ylu;ecti~n 38 is provided at a location o,ed away from the abutting faces of the respective halves. Such a manually 30 g---p7~- p1u;e-tinn 38 will simply enable an Uy~ tu~ tO more easily join thc t~vo halves to define the recesses 34 and fonning port 36.
W096/01591 2 1 9 ~ ~ 7 1 ~ ,086l3 The center section is adapted to coo~ engage a pair of end plates 40 for forn~ing thc desired device. In the cmbodiment shown in Figures 2 and 3, the ccnter section 30 has a pair of flat outer faces 39 which are each adapted to be engaged by an ~ inneJ face 42 of one of the two end plates 40. Each end plate ;~el~d-~ a compression 5 disk 44 which extends generally laterally ,-~.~dl~ from the inner face 42 of the end plate. This com~ o ~ disk 44 should be sized to permit it to be ,~ d within one of the centIal recesses 34 on either face of the ceDter section 30. For reasons c~plaincd more fully below, each co~,~;o~ disk 44 includes a cavity 46 for ,~;~ing an end of the leDgth of the metal fabric 10.
10One or more c~ n~l~ 48 for ~ceiving bolts and the like may also be ~ ided tbmugh each of the end plates and through the center section 30. By passing bolts through these ~h~ 'r15 48, one can assemble the molding clement 20 and retain the metal fabric in the desired shape during the heat treatment process, as outlined below.
In uti~ np the molding element 20 shown in Figures 2-4, a length of the metal 15fabric 10 can be po~ rA bctween the oppnsPd halves 32 of the center sec~ion 30. In the ~.,.. Il.~s of the molding element 20 of Figures 2~, the mctal fabric 10 is a tubular braid such as that illustrated in Figure lA. A s- rr.( :e-" Icngth of the tubular braid should be provided to pcrmit the fabric to co, full-, to the .-~oh3~ surface, ascxplained below. Also, as noted above, care should be taken to secure the cnds of the 20 wire strands definiDg the tubular braid in order to prevcnt the metal fabric from unla~l~,l;l.g.
A central portion of the length of the metal braid may be po ~ d within one of the two balves of the fc,~ ~g port 36 and the cpposed halves 32 of the centersection may be joined to abut one another to restIain a centlal portion of the metal 25 braid within the central forming port 36 through the center section.
The tubular br,ud will tend to have a natural, relaxed d;~ which is defined, in large part, when the tubular braid is formed. Unless the tubular braid is ~hel~.ise d~f~lu.ed, when the wire strands are in their relaxed state they will tend to define a generally hollow tube having the pl~l,_t4l..lined ~ tu~. The outer ~ t~,r 30 of the relaxed braid may be, for e ~ rle, about 4 mm. The relative size of the forming port 36 in the central section 30 of the molding element and the natural, ~og610l59. 2 ~ 94 ~7 ~ U~9~ 13 12 ' . .
relaxed outcr ~ r of the ~ubulsr braid may bc varied as dcsi~et to achievc thc desired shape of the med~c~l de~icc bcing formcd.
In the ~ mr~ shown in Figures 2 and 3, the inner tti~met~r of the fo~g port 36 is c~im~lly sl~htly less than thc n~tu~l, rela~tcd oute~ ~1; t~ of the b~bul~r S braid 10. Hcncc, whcn the two halvcs 32~ 32 aI~ ~Crl~bl-~ to fO~Il thc cu~tcr SCCUDn 30, the tubular b~aid 10 will be slightly e~ .~y, ed ~nthin the fQ .: ~, post 36. Ihis will help e~sure that the tlJ~ular braid ccnfol,..s to the inner surface of thc fn....~
port 36, ~hich dcfincs a por~on of thc . ~l~ g surface of ~be molding elemem 20.~ so dcsi~Ed, a g~leRlly cylindnrq~ i~ternal ~ e sccdoa (not sbown) Inay 10 also bc p,u~id~ his intemal ~ g section has a slightly smallcr ~ e~ t~
~he ~ner ~ er of thc f~ port 36. ~n use, tbc internal mol~ii~ section is - placod ~ithin thc ~cngth of the metal fabric, s~ch as by manually moving thc wi~e s~rands of thc fabnc ap~ to form an opening tl~ugh which thc intc~al mo! ~i g section can be passcd. lhis interna~ m~ in~ section should bc po,;~ d within the1~ tubular b~d at a lnr~tion ~herc it ~ be ~i~pssçd ~rit~n the fo.,-,i"g po t 36 of tbe ccntcr section when thc rnol~in~ element is Lssemblcd. ~herc should be a s ~rfi~i~ ..r ~pace be~cen the outer surface of the hterior lT~ in~ s~ctiorl and the insler surfacc of the forming po~ 36 to per~nit the wire strands of the ~abric 10 to be ~eiYCd thc..,bcl~ ccn.
By using sucb an intemal mol~ing secuon, ~he ~limçDsir,~c of the ccnt~l portion of the fulished mcdical devicc can be fairly ac~.a~ly controllcd. Such an intcrnal ~lol~ sec~ion may be r~ q~y in cirwlnct~ces where thc nanl~l, relaxcd ouler Aiqmeter of thc rubula~ braid 10 is less tha~ the inncr ~ l of the f~,..,.in~ port 36 ~o ensuIE tha~ the braid corlfo~ns to the inner surfsce of that foTming por~. Howcvcr, it is not ~L~v~d that such an internal molding scction would be ~ce.~ if the oatus~l, relaxed outer A;~ r of the bIaid were larger than the mner ~ e~ of the fo~niDg pOn 36.
As noted above, thc ends of the tubular br~d should be secured in order to preYent ~he b~id fron- unrave~ing. Each cnd of the metal fabnc 10 is dcsirably ~ccciv~d within a cavity 46 ~ormed in one of the two end platcs 40. ~f a clamp (1~ in Figure,~) is used, t}le darnp may be sizcd to be relativcly snugly received within one of these cavities 46 in order to crl~,~L~e1y altacb ~he ald of the fabric to thc end platc ~E~DE0 S~
W096~OlS91 2 1 q 4 6 7 ~ PCI/US9S108613 40. The end plates can then be urged toward the center section 30 and toward oneanother until the co-np,~;on disk 44 of each end plate is received within a central recess 34 of the center section 30. The molding element may then be clamped in position by passing bolts or the lL~ce through the ch-~ r1c 48 in the molding element S and locking the various, ~ nts of the molding element t~ h~ by tightening a nut down onto such a bolt (not shown).
As best seen in Figure 3A, when an end plate is urged toward the center section 30, this will c., ~ the tubular braid 10 generally along its axis. When the tubu1ar braid is in its ~ced c~-~fi~,--ation, as illustrated in Pigure lA, the wire stlands forming the tubular braid will have a first, I ~A. h - ~--; ~ relative u. ~ " with ~spect to one another. As the tubular braid is compressed along its axis, the fabric will tend to flare out away from the axis, as i~ in Figure 4. When the fabric isso defonned, the reladve orientation of the wire strands of the metal fabdc willchange. When the molding element is finally assembled, the metal fabric will genelally conform to the molding wrface of this element.
In the ~l~'ing element 20 shown in Figures 2-4, the molding surface is defined by the inner wrface of the forming port, the inner ~ --- r;--~es of the cent~al recess 34 and the faces of the comp-~s;oll disks 44 which are ,~ce;vcd within the ~ecesses 34. If an intemal molding section is used, the ~1;A~ I outer wrface of that section may also be co~;de~ a part of the molding surfacc of the molding clement 20. A~o~ gly, when the molding dement 20 is completely ~ b1~ the metal fabric will tend to assume a somewhat "dumbbelln-shaped co~r~ dtion, with a relatively narrow ccntersection ~ ~se~ betwcen a pair of bn1hous, pcrhaps cvcn disk-shaped cnd s~innc~ as best seen in Figure 4.
It should be ~ ood that the specific shapc of the particular molding elemeot 20 shown in Figures 2~ is intended to pl~luce one useful medical dcvice in a~.~lce with the pre~sent method, but that other molding elements having d;rr.,.c~nfi~lPti~s could also be used. If a more complex shape is dcsired, the .-~
element may bave more parts, but if a simpler shape is being forrned the moldingelement may have even fewer parts. ~e number of parts in a given molding elementand the shapcs of those pa~ts will bc dictated almost entirely by the shape of thc WO96/01591 2 ~ q 4 ~ 7 1 I~"., .g~,086,3 dcsired medical device as the moldiog element must define a molding suIface to which the metal fabric will generally confo~m.
Acco,.li~gly, the specific molding element 20 shown io Figures 2-4 is simply intended as one specific example of a suitable ..-~.l.l;ng elemcnt for formiog one 5 particular useful medical devicc. Additional moldiog c~ haviog .lilf~ t desigos for producing dilf~... nl medical dcvices are explained below io conoectioo with, e.g., Figures 8 and 10. ~ {~ on the desired shape of thc medical device bciog formed, the shape and configuration of olher specific molding dements can be ~eadily designed by those of o~li~y sJ~Il in thc aIt.
Once the molding element 20 is asscmbled with the metal fabric gene~ally conforming to a molding su face of that el~m~ ~t, the fabdc can be subjected to a heat L while it remains in contact with that molding surface. This heat l-~h..c.lt will depend in large part upon the material of which lhe wire strands of the metal fabric are fonned, but the dme and ~ f -~ of the heat treatment should be lS selected to substantiaUy set the fabric in its deformed state, i.e., wherein the wire strands are in their Ieoriented reladve c~- r;6.~ ;on and the fabdc gene~ally co-lru~ns to the ll.olding surface.
The time and t ~IY~ of the heat t~atment can vary g~eatly d~ g upon the material used in fonning the wire strands. As noted above, one p~fe~
20 class of materials for forming the wire stands are shape ~ ....O~y alloys, with nitinol, a nicl~el titanium alloy, being par~cularly pl.,f~JI~d. If nitinol is used in making the wire strands of the fab~ic, the wire strands will tend to be ve y elastic when the metal is in its ~ ;c pha~; this very elastic phase is îl~ tl~ referred to as a "~ul)e~el~ic" or "p~..dor~ phase. By heating the nitinol above a certain phase 25 t~nc;~ion I ~ the crystal ;~uclure of the nitinol metal wheD in its Al.:t~ ;e phase can be set. This will tend to "set~ the shape of the fabric and the relative C~ ~r~ ;On of the wile st~nds in the por 1;0l~5 in which they are held during the heat Suitable heat ~ t~ of nitinol wire to set a desiIed shape are well known in 30 the art. Spirally wound nitinol coils, for eYAmrle, are used in a number of medical dppli, ~~;nnc, such as in forming the coils commonly carried around distal lengths of guidewires. A wide body of hlo~ lgc exists for fol-llil-g nitinol in such medical 21 9liS71 WO96/0l59l ~ ~5.~a66l3 devices, so there is no need to go into great detail bere on the p~ of a heat for the nitinol fabric pl~f~ .l~ for use in the present invention.
Briefly, though, it has been found that holding a nitinol fabnc at about 500~C
to about S50~C for a penod of about l to about 30 minutes, depending on the softness 5 or harness of the device to be made, will tend to set the fabric in its d~fw~lled state, i.e. wherein it conforrns to the molding surface of the molding element. At lower temperatures the heat treatment time will tend to be g~ater (e.g. about one hour at about 350~C) and at bigber temperatures the tune will tend to be shorter (e.g. about 30 seconds at about 900~C). These pa~ameters can be varied as necessary to lO accommodate variadons in the exact composidon of the nitinol, prior heat treatment of the ni~nol, the desired ~IVl)C~l~es of the nitinol in tbe finished article, and other factors which will be well known to those skilled in this field.
Instead of relying on co.l~;on heating or the like, it is also known in the art to apply an e1~ current to tbe nitinol to heat it. In the present i..~c~lt;ù,l, this can be accomplished by, for example, hooking ele~ l.u~ to the clamps lS car~ied at either end of tbe metal fabric illustrated in Figure 2. The wire can tben be beated by e heating of the wires in order to achieve the desired heat treatment, which will tend to c1;~ e the nesd to heat the entire molding element to the desired heat treating b~ -G in order to heat the metal fabric to the desired t~ G.
A2'ter the heat treatment, the fabric is removed from contact with the molding element and will ,~ y retain its shape in a d~rul..,ed state. When the molding clement 20 illustrated in Figures 2~ is used, the bolts (not shown) may be l~ O.and the various pa~s of the molding element may be disassembled in ~c~tiql1y thereverse of the process of ~ g the mol&g element. If an intemal molding 25 section is used, this molding section can be removed in much the same fashion that it is placed within the generally tubular metal fabric in assembling the molding element 20, as detailed above. Figures 5A and 5B il11.ct qt~ one embodiment of a medicaldevice 60 which may be made using the molding element 20 of Figures 24. As c~d below, the device of Figure S is particularly well suited for use in occ~ ;ng 30 a channel within a padent's body and these designs have p~ 1q- adv,ultages in use as vascular occl~-s;on devices.
WOg6/01591 2 1 9 4 6 7 1 ~ gs~l3 The vascular occ~ oA device 60 of Figure SA includes a generally tubular middle portion 62 and a pair of f.' .p~n tf~ diameter ~ io~s 64. One expanded diameter portion is ~ .i at dther end of the generally tubular middle portion 62.
In the embodiment shown in Figures 5A and SB, the expanded diameter portions 64 5 include a ridge 66 IJ~ ~ A~ about midway along Itheir lengths.
The relative sizes of the tubular middle section and the expanded diameter pordons can be varied as desired. In.this particular embodiment, the medical device is interlded to be used as a vascular oc~ s; ~1 device to su~ ny stop the flow of blood through a patient's blood vessel. When the device 60 is deployed within a 10 patient's blood vessel, as detailed below, it will be p~ ~r-d within the vessel such that its axis generally co;~ eS with the axis of the vessel. The dumbbell-shape of the present device is ;~t. ~ i to limit the ability of the vascular occhJ~on device 60 to turn at an angle with respect to the axis of the blood vessel to ensure that it remains in substantially the same position in which the o~ ~t ,~ deploys it within the vasel.
Although the illustrated e ~;ments of this invention only have two expanded b-~ po~ ns, it should be ~ t~x~d that the devicc could have more than two such e-p~ t~r polLons. For G ~ ~~ple, if the device has three c~p~lcd t ~ - portions, cach expanded d:~ t~r portion is scparated from at least one other ecl dianeterporlion by a tubularportion having a srnaller rl;~-~ur~. If so 20 desired, the ~t~ of each of the expanded diameter pul~ns can be the same, but they need not be the same.
In order to relatively strongly engage the lumen of the blood vessel, the r~qYim..m .1:-..~ of the ~ p, ~ portions 64 (which occurs along the middle ridge 66 in this e~ t) should be selected so that it is at least as gleat as 25 the ~~ of the lumen of the vessel in which it is to be deployed, and is aptimally slightly greater than that ~ t~. When it is depl~.,~ within the patient's vessel, the vascular oc~h-~:o~ device 60 will engage the lumen at nvo spaced-apart 1 ;o~s The device 60 is desirably longer along its axis than the dimension of its greatest d;-- Ptl ~.
This will ~.~b~ y prevent the vascular occlusion device 60 f~om turning within the 30 lumen at an angle to its axis, es~-nti~lly ~lc~ t;ng the device from b~ g rlicWged and ~mbling along the vessel with blood flowing through the vessel.
WO96/o1591 2 1 9 4 6 7 1 r~l/~Jog~086l3 The relative sizes of the gene~ally tubular middle portion 62 and expaoded diameter poltion 64 of the ~asc.~l~ OC<lUa;n-' device 6û can be varied as desired for any p~ "l~, application. For example, the outer d;~ of the middle poItion 62 ~ may range ~l~ ~, about one quarter and about one third of the mL~uu~l~ diameter of S the expanded dwneter poltions 64 and the length of the middle portion 62 n~ay comprise about 20% to about 50% of the overall length of the device. Although these dimensions are suitable if the device 60 is to be used solely for occluding a vascular vessel, it is to be und~ tbat these dimensions may be varied if tbe device is to be used in other applications, such as where the device is intended to be used simply as a 10 l,~ular filter rather than to substantially occlude the entire vessel or where the device is deployed in a dilf~ chsn~l in a patient's body.
The aspect ratio (i.e., the ratio of the length of the device over its maximum diameter or width) of the device 60 illustrated in Figures 5A and 5B is d~ly at least about 1.0, with a range of about l.0 to about 3.0 being ~-- f~ --~ and an aspcct 15 ratio of about 2.0 being particularly l Icf~ d. Having a grcater aspcct ration will tend to prevent the device from rotating geneIally pelpendicularly to its axis, whicb may be referrcd to as an end over end roll. So long as the outer diame~er of thecxpanded A - ~,r ~llio.~s 64 of the device is large enough to seat the device fairly securely against the lumen of the channel in which the devioe is Id~'c~c~, the inability 20 of the device to tum cnd over end will help keep the device d~loy.~ ~;~ly where it is positioned within the patient's v~ular system or in any other channel io the patient's body. Altematively, having cxpandcd diameter ~ ons which have natu~al,relaxcd diamcters substantially largcr than the lumen of the vessels in which the device is d~lJhJ~c~ should also suffice to wedge the devioe into plaoe in the vessel withwt 2~ undue concern being placed on the aspect ratio of the device.
The pick and pitch of the metal fabric 10 used in Ç ~ g the devioe 60, as well as some other factors such as the number of wires ~u~lvyed in a tubular braid, are l in d~ a number of the p-u~.lies of the device. Por example, the greater the pick and pitch of the fabric, and hence the greater the density of the wire 30 strands in thc fabric, the stiffer the device will be. Having a greater wire density will also provide the device with a greater wire surfacc area, which will generally enhance the tendw.~y of the device to occlude a blood vessel in which it is d~rl~,~. This W096/OlS91 2 ~ 9 ~ 6 7 ~ }~ 3 thron~l Og~A;~ can be either e ~ ecl e.g. by a coating of a thro.,lbol~;c agent or by a~ h ng silk or wool fabric to the device, or abated, e.g. by a coating of a lu~ iQuc, anti-~o--~bogG~lic compound. A variety of ~ Q and techniques for enhancing or ~duci.lg ~hl~ ~ho~A:chy are well known in the art and need not be S detailed here.
When the device is deployed in a patient's vessel, thrombi will tend to collect on the surface of the wires. By having a greater wire density, the total surface area of the wircs will be :~u~ increasing the thrombolytic activity of the devioe and e it to relatively rapidly occlude the vessel in which it is deployed. n is 10 bdieved that fo.~ng the occlusion device 60 f~m a 4 mm diarneter tubular braid having a pick of at least about 40 and a piteh of at least about 30~ will provide sufficient surface area to substantially completely occlude a blood vessel of 2 mm to about 4 mm in inner diameter in a suitable period of tirne. If it is desired to increase the rate at whicb the dcvice 60 occludes the vessel in wbich it is deployed, any of a 15 wide variety of known Ih-u~ ylic agents can be applied to the device.
Figures 6A-6C ill-.~t~ an altemative e --b~ - Dnt of a medical device in accordance with the present ill~ It;on. Tbis device 80 has a generally bell-shaped body 82 and an outwardly ~. r li-~ forward end 84. One al pl;~ n for which this device is particularly well suited is occ~ ;ng defects known in the art as patent ductus 20 ~ ;os- c (PDA). PDA is essentially a co~ n wherein t~vo blood vessels, most commonly the aorta and p~ ~sry artery adjacent the heart, bave a shunt betwoen tbeir lumens. Blood c. n flow dilectly between these t vo blood vessels th~ugh the shunt, co I.lu~u~ g the norma1 flow of blood tbrough tbe patient's vessels.
As c~ r~ more fully below in connection with Figure 8, the bell-shaped 25 body 82 is adapted to be deployed within the shunt ~h. cen the vessels, while the forw. rd end 84 is adapted to be po-~ fd within one of the hvo vessels to help seat the body in the shunt. The sizes of the body 82 and the end 84 an be varied as desired for ~l;rfe.~ y sized shunts. Por ~ le, the body may have a ~ d~-r along its generally cylindrical middle 86 of about 10 mm and a length along its axis of about 30 25 mm. In such a device, the base 88 of the body may flare generally ~adiallyoutward until it reaches an outer ~ --- 4 - equal to that of the fonvard end 84, which may be on the order of about 20 mm in tl;~ t~'~r.
WO96101591 2 1 9 4 ~ 7 1 rC~/US9S086l3 The base 88 d~h~l~ flares out lelat;~cly rapidly to dcfine a shoulder ~ing radially outwardly from the middle 86 of the body. When the dcvice is deployed in a vcssel, this shoulder will abut the lumen of one of the vasels being treated. The ~ fo~ward end 84 is retained within the vessel and urges the base 88 of the body open to S ensure that the Q~u~ulflP~r engages tbe wall of the vessel to prevent tbe device 80 from becoming ~ from within the shunt.
As detailed above, in making a device of the invention it is desirable to attachthe ends of the wire strands forming the metal fabric 10 to one anc~ther to prevent tbe fabric from unraveling. In the il~ c of Figures 6A~C, a clamp 15 i used to tie 10 t~o~h~ the ends of the wire strands adjacent the front end 84 of the device. It is to be unde ~tood that this clamp 15 is simply a S~f~ '' illustration, tbough, and tbat the ends could be attached in other ways, such as by ~ g, s~ldPn~ brazing, use of a bioco,~ le cemendtdous material or in any other suitable fasbion.
The .~..~.1 ends of the wire strands are showo as being attached to ooe 15 another by an ~hf rr~ive clamping means 90. This clamp 90 serves the same purpose as the schemadcally illust~ed clamp 15, namely to int.,~,ul~ the ends of the wires.
IIo~ er the clamp 90 also serves to connect the device 80 to a delivery system (not shown). In the embodiment shown, the clamp 90 is generally c,~ al in shape and has a Ieoess for receiving the ends of the wires to substantially prevent the vircs f~m 20 moving relative to one another, and a thleaded outer surface. The lh,~ded outer surface is adapted to be ,~ce;~d within a c~ al recess (not shown) on a distal cnd of a delivery device and to engage the Ib-~aded inner surface of the delivery device's recess.
Ibe delivery device (not shown) can take any witable sbape, but desirably 25 co ~ ~ an elongate, flexible metal shaft baving such a Iecess at its distal end. The delivery device can be used to urge the PDA occlusion device 80 thmugh the lumen of a catheter for d-~cJ~ t in a channel of the patient's body, as outlined bclow. When the device is d~plo~cd out the distal end of the catheter, the device will still be retained by thc dclivery device. Once the proper position of the device 80 in the shunt is eQ~ r.. -~, the shaft of the delivery device can be rotated about its axis to unscrew the ~ clamp 90 from the recess in the delivery means.
W096/OlS91 2 1 9 4 ~ 7 1 ~ s~8613 By keeping the PDA device 80 attached to the delivery means, the o~.~tur could still retract the device for ~ilioning if it is detem~ined that the device is not ~IU~~ por:~;nArd in the first attempt. This tbreaded attachment will also allow the operator to coDtrol tbe manner in which the device 80 is deployed out of the distal end S of the catheter. As ~ ~yl~ ~d below, when the device exits the catheter it will tend to resiliently return to a pl.fe,l~,d e~ ~ shape which is set when the fabric is heat treated. When the device springs back into this shape, it may tend to act against the distal cnd of the catheter",r~ ~ urging itself forward beyond the end of the catheter. This spring action could concei~d~ly result in impmper positioning of the 10 device if the location of the device within a channel is critical, such as where it is being positioned in a shunt between two vessels. Sinoe the ~ A clamp 90 can e~ablc the operator to maintain a hold on thc device during d~ployrncnt, the spring action of the devioe can be contmlled and the operator can control the deployment to ensure proper positioning.
A PDA occlusion devioe 80 of this emb~~ c~ of the invention can adv~n~o~ be made in ?~ r~e with the method outlined above, namely ~cfo- ~ g a metal fabric to generally confonn to a molding surfaoe of a molding element and heat treating tbe fabric to substantially set the fabric in its d~fol~.ed state.
Figure 7 shows a molding dement 100 which may be suitable for fol~ng a PDA
ocrl--r on device 80 such as that shown in Figures 6A-6C.
The molding dement 100 generally comprises a body porlion 110 and an end plate 120. The body portion 110 is adapted to receive and fonn the body 82 of the device 80 while the end plate is adapted to compress against thc metal fabnc to fonn the forward end 84. The body portion 110 includes an elongate, geneIally tubularcent~l scgment 112 which is sized to receive thc clo~ te body 82 of the device. The centlal segment 112 of the molding element 100 opt;~qlly has an internal diameter slightly less than the natural, relaxed outer ~ r of the tubular braid of which the device is formed. This cw--,ulession of the bIaid will help yield devices with .e~)lu~cil l,y si~d bodies 82. The forward end of the body poltion 110 includes a back plate 114 which has a generally annular sidewall 116 J~li.,g d.. ~ lly theref~om. The sidewaU defines a recess 118 which is gene~ally circular in shape.
WO96~1591 2 1 9~ 6 7 1 }~ ,086l3 The end plate 120 of the ~ ;ne element 100 has a generaDy disc-shaped face 122, which d~il<~bly has a cla np port 124 ap~ ~ately centered therein for ~ce;vi"g a clamp 15 att~~hed to the metal fabric, as noted above. The end plate also h~s an annular sidewall 126 which extends generally upwardly from the face 122 to def~e a generally ~1;~ recess 128 h the end plate 120. The sidewall 116 of the body portion 110 is sized to be received within the recess 128 of the end plate.- In use, the metal fabric is placed in the molding element and the body portion 110 and the end plate 120 a e brought toward one another. The inner face of the back plate 114 wiD engage the fabric and tend to urge it under co~ generaDy 10 ladially ouludly. The fabric will then be e~rlos~ generally within the recess 118 of the body portion and will generally conform to the inner wrfaoe of that recess. If one prevents the entire clamp 15 from passing through the clamp port 124, the fabric will be ~paced slightly away f~om the inner surface of the face 122, yielding a slight dome shape in the forward end 84 of the device, as illustrated in Figures 6. ~hhongh the illus~rated emb~ 4 ;--- 1~ d~s such a do.lle s?~d forward end, it is to be und~.~t~od that the forward end may be ~-~ba~ -t;-lly flat (except for the clamp 15), which can be ~rco--~ ;ched by allowing the clamp to be l~,ce;v~l entirely within the clamp port 124 in the end plate.
Once the fabric is cc n~.~sed in the molding element 100 so that it generally CO.~OIIIIS to the molding surface of the ~-~r~ e element, the fabric can be subjected to a heat h~l~ t such as is outlir~d above. When the molding element is opened again by moving the body portion 110 and the end phte 120 away from one another again,the fabric will generally retain its defonned, compressed conre~ 'io~ The device- can then be coll~rsed, such as by urging the clamps 15, 90 genelally axially away from one another, which will tend to collapse the device toward its axis. The cnl~s~d device 80 can then be passed thr~ugh a catheter for deployment in a channel in a patient's vascular system.
Figure 8 scll~ lly ill~ct~s how a medical device 80 generally as outlined above can be used to occlude a patent ductus aft~ io~vs In this case, there is a shunt, refer Ed to as a PDA above, which extends between a patient's aorta A and the ~ pulmonary artery P. The device 80 can be passed through the PDA, such as by keeping the device co!larse~ within a catheter (not shown), and the forward end 84 of WO96/o~ssl 2 ! 9 ~ 6 7 1 ~ 8613 the device c. n be . llowed to elqct;rqlly expand to substantially recover its thP,rmql1y set, "~ ~ shape from the he. t t~eatment pmcess, such as by urging the device dis~ally to extend beyond the distal end of the catheter. This forward end 84 should be larger than the lumen of the shunt of the PDA.
The device can then be let~a~ t~ so that the forward cnd 84 cngages the wall of the puhnonary artery P. If one continues to retract the ca~eter, the engagemcni of the device with the wall of the puhnonary artery will tend to natulally pull the body portion 82 of the device from the catheter, which will permit the body po~tion to re~rn to its e~panded c~-~r~b. -~ m. The body po~tion should be sized so that it will friction. lly engage the lumen of the PDA's shunt. The device 80 will then be held in place by the combination of the friction between the body portion and the lu nen of the shunt and the f~L~ cnt between the wall of the Fulm~n~Ty artery and the forward end 84 of the device. Over a relatively short period of time, thrombi will forrn in and on the device 80 and the th~mbi will occlude the PDA. If so desired, the device may bc coated with a suitable thrombolytic ageDt to speed up the occlusion of the PDA.
Figures 9A and 9B are a side view aDd an end view, lcJ~Ai~ely, of yet another e--.~li~ 1 of the present invention. This device 180 can be used for a variety of >~ nS in a patient's blood vessels. For ~ rle, if a fabric having a rclatively high pick (i.c. where the wire density is fairly great) is used in making the device, the device can be used to occlude blood vcssels. In other applications, it may selve as a filter within a channel of a patient's body, dtber in a blood vessel or in another c~qnnP-I such as in a urinary tract or biliary duct. In order to further enhance or reduce the device's tendency to occlude the vessel, depending on the application of the device a suitable knowD th~ e or antithrombogenic coating rnay be applied to the device.
This filter 180 has a generally conical c~ r.gl~"~ n, ~-pe~ g geneIally radiallyoutwardly from its ~ d end 182 to its forward end 184. A length of the device adjacent its forward end is adapted to engage the walls of a lumen of a channel. The maximum diamaer of the filter device 180 is therefore at least as large as the inner ~ t~, of the cbannel in which it is to be ~ d so that at least the forward end will engage the wall of the vessel tO s~ lly lock the device in place.
WO 96101591 2 1 9 4 6 7 ~ s/08613 Having a series of unsecured ends 185 of the wire strands 7'~ 1 the forward end of the device will assist in seating the device in tbe channel because the ends of the wires will tend to dig into the vessel wall slightly as the forward end of the device urges itself toward its fully ~ ed conft~ration within the vessel. The con~ ;or S of the friction b~t~n the wt~.~dly urging forward end of the device and the t~ ~e~c~ of the wire ends to dig into the vessel walls will help ensure that the device remains in place where it is deployed rather than floating freely within a vessel to each an undesired 1OC~ fjon The method in which the device 180 of the invention is deployed may vary 10 depending on the nature of the ph~:olo~ condition to be treated. For example, in treating an arterio-venous fistula, the device may be carefully po~ ned, as ~cs~above, to occlude the flow of blood at a fairly specific location. In treating other conditions (e.g. an artedo-venous mall~ n), however, if may be desired to simply~elease a number of these devices upstream of the mall~ in a vessel having a15 larger lumen and simply allow tbe devices to drift from the treatment site to lodge in smaller vessels do.. ,..,l,~,-.
The .lPr;ci,,n as to ~.h.,lher the device 180 should be pl~cis~l~ positioned at an exact locadon within the channel in a patient's body or whdher it is more desirable to allow the device(s) to float to their final lodging site will depeod on the size of the 20 channe1s involved and the specific c~ to be treated. This dec;~ n should be left to the individual o~.dt~r to be made on a case-by-case basis as his or her e~l~c ;~ e dictates; there is no one right or wrong way to deploy the device 180 without regard to the ~ -' tinn~ at hand.
In the embodiment shown in Figures 9A and 9B, the wall of the dcvice cxtends 25 generally linearly from a position adjacent the clamp 90 and the other end of the device, ay~ a conical shape. Due to the p~es~ll~ of the da np 90, though, the end of the device immediately ~ cc-4 the clamp may deviate s1ightly from thecone shape, as ;~ ed in the dla~ gs. Alternatively, the wall may be curved so that the ~ t~,~ of the device changes more rapidly adj?~ent the leal~ l end than it 30 does ~~ ent its forward end, having an ~~ ~ more like a rotation of a parabola ~ about its major axis than a true cone. Either of these e~ ents should suffice in ocr~ ng a vessel with the device 180, such as to occlude a vessel.
wo 96101S91 1 ~1I~JD9S~O86I3 -24 2l 9~671 The ends of the wire strands at the .~..~J end 182 of the device are secured with respect to one another, such as by means of a ~ clamp 90 such as that ~i~ s~ ~ ;~d above in connection with Figures 6A-6C. Pordons of the wire strandsadjacent the fonvard end 184 may also be secured against relaffve movement, such as 5 by SpOt welding wires to one another where they cross adjacent the forward cnd. Such a spot weld is schem ~ lly ill-..h,~t.'~l at 186 in Figures 9A and 9B.
In the e~ illustrated in Pigures 9, though, the ends of the wire strands adjacent the forward end 184 in the finished device need not be affLlted to one another in any fashion. These st~ands are held in a fLscd position during thc fo~, proccss to prevent thc metal fabric from unraveling before it is made into a finished device.
While the ends of the wire s~ands adjacent the forward end remain fLxed rclative to one another, they can be heat t~ated, as outlined above. The heat treatment will tend to fu~ the shapcs of the wires in their deformed eQ~r~ t;n~l wherein the devioe generally c~ o~ to a molding surface of the molding element. When the device is removed from contact with the molding element, the wires will retain their shape and tend to remain intertwined. Accol~lingl~, when the device is rcle~sed from contact with the molding el~m~nt, even if the ends of the wires are lcle;ascl;l from anyco ~-~ r;.~ the device should still sn~ y retain its shape.
Figures IOA-IOC illustrate thlee suitable molds for use in forming the filter 180 of Figures 9A and 9B. In Pigure IOA, the molding element 200 is a single piese which defines a pair of generally conical po,lions abutting one another. In anotha similar e ho~li".l "' (not shown), the ~ E element 200 may be genaally ovoid, shaped not unlike an ~mPnc~- football or a rugby ball. In the embodiment ilh.
in Pigure lOA, though, the molding element is a little bit less rounW. This molding elemen~ co.--~ s two conical ~",~ 202 which abut one another at their bases, defining a larger diameter at the middle 204 of the element wbich can taper relatively uniformly toward the ends 206 of the element 2ûO.
When the a tubular braid is used in ~ululin~ this device, the tubular metal fabric may be applied to the molding element by placing the molding element within the tubular braid and cl~ - ~ the ends of the braid about the mo'~ine element beforecutting the braid to the desired length. In order to better facilitate the attachment of the clamps 90 to the ends of the tubular braid, the ends 206 of the molding element wog6/0l59l 2 ~ 9~ 7 1 PCr/US9S/08613 may be rounded, as shown, rather than tapering to a shalper point at the ends of the molding element. In order to ensure that the braid more closely confo~ s to the outer suIface of the molding element 200, i.e. the molding eL,~ t's molding surface, the natural, relaxed ~ of the braid should be less than the maxLmum diameter of the 5 ~ nt which occurs at its middle 204. This will place the metal fabric in tension about the middle of thc dement and, in combi~lion with the clamps at the ends of the braid, cause the braid to generaUy co.lfu~ to thc molding surface.
Figure lOB illustrates an alternative mo1ding element 210 for fol...i.~g a dcvice 8ubstantially as shown in Figures 9A and 9B. Whereas the molding element 200 is 10 intended to be ~cd within a recess in the metal fabric, such as within the lumen of a length of tubular braid, thc molding element 210 has an inte~al cavity 212 adapted to receive the fabric. In this ~ the molding element may comprise a pair of molding sections 214, 216 and these mold sections may be subs's~ ly iden~r~l in shape. Each of thc molding scctions 214, 216 generaUy comprise a conical inner 1~ surface 220 defined by a waU 222. Each section also may be p~ided with a genelally ~1;...1.;~ axial reccss 224 for ,eo~ g a clamp lS (or 90) carried by an end of the metal fab~ic.
The two molding sections should be readily attached to one another with the larger, open ends 226 of the sections alr,lll;~ one another. The mold secdons can simply be clamped together, such as by providing a .~ "e jig (not shown) which can be used to plu~.ly position the sections 214, 216 with re~pect to one another. If so desired, bolt holes 228 or the like may be provided to allow a nut and bolt, or any sirnilar attachment system, to be passed through the holes and attach the sections 214, 216 ~;g~lh~
In use, a suitably sized piece of a metal fabric, ~ptimally a length of a tubular b aid, is placed in the recess 212 of the molding element and the two molding sections 214, 216 are urged toward one another. The fabric should have a relaxed axial length longer than the axial length of the recess 212 so that b~ g the sections toward one ~ another will axially ~ ,.~ the fabric. This axial co~ C~ n will tend to urge the 30 wire strands of the braid radially oul~.]l~ away from the axis of the braid and ~ toward e~ g. -- ~nt with the ~nol~ling surface of the element 210, which is defined by the surface of the recess 212.
wo g6/0l591 2 1 9 4 6 7 1 ~ JV~7/086l3 Once the metal fabric is ~fu~ ed to generally conform to the molding surface of either molding element 200 or 210, the fabric can be heat treated to sub~ t;~ily set the shape of the fabric in its d~f~ ed state. If molding element 200 is used, it can then be removed from the interior of the metal fabric. If there is sufficient room S between the resilient wire s~ands, the molding element can simply be removed by opening the web of wire strands and pulling the molding element out of the interior of the metal fabric. If molding element 210 is employed, the two molding sections 214, 216 can be moved away from one another and the molded fabnc can he .~:~.,d from the ~cess 212. D~pending on the shape of the molding wrface, the l ~-lti~ formed10 shape may resemble either a pair of ahutting hollow concs or, as noted a~ove, a footh ll with clamps, welds or the like ~.u-~idcd at either end of the shape.
This shape can then be cut into two halves by cutting thc wires in a ~ io~
generally peIpendicular to the shared axis of the cones (or the major axis of the ovoid shape) at a location about midway along its length. This will produce two s~parate filter devioes 180 wbstantially as ilh ~ in Figures 9A and 9B. If the wires strands are to be joined A,~ the for vard end of the devioe (such as by the shown as 186 in Figures 9A and 9B), this can be done before the conical or ovoid shape is severed into two halves. Much the same net shape could be mrlished by cutting the metal fabric into halves while it is still casTied about20 molding element 200. The separate halves having the desired shape could then be pulled apart from one another, leaving the molding element ready for forming ~itio-ql devices.
In an ~ql ,-~ c embo~l;ment of this ~hXl~ the molding element 200 is formed of a material selected to permit the molding element to be d~uJ~d for 25 removal from the interior of the metal fabric. For example, the molding elemcnt may be formed of a brittle or friable material, such as glass. Once the materi~l bas been heat treated in contact vith the molding surface of the molding element, the molding element can be broken into smaller pieces which can be readily removed from within the metal fabric. If this m~tPt;~l is glass, for L~ ., the ~c'~;nE element and the 30 metal fabric can be struck against a hard surface, causing the glass to shatter. The glass shards can then be removed from the enclosu,~ of the metal fabric. The resultant ?1 94671 WO s6~0~ssl ~ ,~086~3 shape can be used in its generally conical shape, or it can be cut into two separate balves to produce a device substantially as shown in Figures 9A and 9B.
Alternatively, the . r~ element 200 can be formed of a material which can be chemically d;~olvEd, or othe~w;se broken down, by a chemical agent which will5 not -- bs~ ly adversely affect the properties of the metal wire strands. Por example, the molding element can be formed of a temperatu,~ t~nt plastic resin which is capable of being ~;i,solved with a suitable organic solvent. The fabric and the molding dement can be subjected to a heat treatment to substantiaUy set the shape of the f~ic in conformance with the surface of the molding element, whereupon the 10 molding element and the metal fabric can be immersed in the solvent. Once tbemolding element is suhsts~tislly dissolved, the met. l fabric can be removed and either used in its current shape or cut into ~ p~ halves, as outlined above.
Care should be taken to ensure that the material selected to form the molding clement is capable of ~ h~l,'~~1;~, the heat treatment without losiDg its shape, at least 15 until the shape of the fabric has been set. For e ,3~e, the ,--o~ g element could be formed of a material having a melting point above the temperature nc~ss~y to set the shape of the wire strands, but below the melting point of the metal foll,.ing the strands. The molding element and metal fabric can then be heat tleated to set the sha~e of the metal fabnc, ~.I-~,.c~n the temperature can be i~ c~d to substantially 20 completely melt the molding el~mPnt thereby l~,n.o..ng the molding element fmm within the metal fabric.
It should be ~ h~o~ that the methods outlinP~ immediately above for removing the metal fabric 10 from the molding element 200 can be used in connection with other shapes, as well. ~l~hough these ,~ h~,5 may not be nc~ss~y or ~kc;~'e25 if the molding dement is calTied about the exterior of the metal fabric (such as are elements 30~0 of the molding element 20 of Figures 2~), if the molding element or some portion thereof is e~ os~l within the formed metal fabAc (such as the intemal molding section of the molding element 20), the e metl ~s can be used to effectively remove the molding element without adversely arr~g the medical device being 30 formed.
~ Figure 10C ~ ct~5 yet another molding element 230 which can be used in forming a me~cal device such as that i~ .tf~ in Figures 9A and 9B. This S''ing WO96/01591 2 1 9 ~ 6 7 1 1~1Uj JSIO8613 element co~ s an outer molding section 232 d~ fi-~ -.g a tapered inner surface 234 ~ and an inner molding section 236 having an outer surface 238 substantially the same shape as the tapered inner surface 234 of the outer molding section. The inner molding section 236 should be sized to be ~ ed within the outer molding section,S with a piece of the metal fabric (~ot shown) being ~;~s~d between the inner and outer molding 5~pionC The molding surface of this molding element 230, to which the fabric will generally .~ --.-., can be considered to include both the inner surface 234 of the outer molding se~ion and the outer surface 238 of the inner molding section.
This molding element 230 can be used with a metal fabric which is in the form of a tubular br~ud. If such a fabnc is used and a clamp 15 (not shown in this drawing) or the ILlce is provided to connect the cnds of the wire strands adjacent one end of the device, a recess (not shown) analogous to the cavity 46 in the face of the compression disk 44 of molding element 20 ~Pigures 2-4) can be y.u;;da~ for receiving the clamp.
However, the present molding element 230 can be used quite readily with a flat woven piece of metal fabric, such as is illustrated iD Figure lB. In using such a fabric, a suitably sized and shaped piece of fabric is cut; in using the molding element 230 to produce a device 180 analogous to that shown iD Figures 9A and 9B, for le a generally disk-shaped piece of the metal fabric 10' can be used. The metal fabric is then placed ~. ~n the two sections 232, 236 of the molding element and the sections are moved to~hcr to deform the fabric thc~ h. ~n. After heat treatment,the fabric can be removed and will retain substqntiqlly the same shape as it had when it was defo.u.ed between the two molding sections.
As can be seen by the ~ c~ of the various molding elements 200, 210 and 230 in Figures lOA-lOC, it should be clear that a number of diff~.-ent molding elements may achieve essentially the same desired shape. These molding c~ ns may be ,~ vd entirely within a closed segrnent of fabric and rely on tension and/or ;on of the fabric to cause it to generally confonn to the molding surface of the molding element, as with the element 200 of Figure lOA. The molding element 210 of Figure lOB ~h~ y e~ oses the fabric within a recess in the mold and relies on CO~ .ei.5iOl~ of the fabric (in this case axial Culllyl~iuu of a tubular blaid) to deforrn the fabric to the desired co~r~ ~tioû. Finally, the fabric may be WO96101591 ~) 1 9 4 6 7 1 ~l,U~9~l3 c4..1~l~sC;I ~t~.~n two ~ E parts of the . o!d;llg element to defo~n the fabric,such as between the two sections 232, 236 of ~- o~ g element 230 in Figure lOC.
Any one or more of these tfxl~n ~ ,s may be used in achieving a finished producthaving a desired shape.
Figurcs 11 and 12 illustrate al~ , e~ -ents of yet another medical device in accordance with this ~ tiOIl. Both Pigure 11 and Figure 12 ilh-dra~ a vascular trap suitable for use in tempo~rily filtering embolic p~ , c from bloodpassing through a patient's ~,.w~lar system. Such a device will most frcquentiy be used to filter cmboli from a paticnt's blood when another medical procedure is being p lru,med, such as by using the trap in ~_; ~inn with a rotating f,utting blade during an atl,~ v, ~ or with a balloon catheter during an~,iopl~ty. It is to bc und~q~nod though, that the trap could also bc used in othcr similar applications, such as in c~ in patients' bodies othcr than their ~,~ul~r systems.
1D the embodiment of Figures 1 lA and 1 lB, the ~ul~ trap 250 comprises a gene~lly u~nbrella-shaped basket 270 ca~ied adjacent a distal end of a 6~ 260.
The ~..id~..ihe in this ernbodiment includes a tapered distal section 262 with a spiIally wound coil 264 extending along a distal length of the wire. Guide~ s having such a distal end are conventional in the art. The basket 270 is positioned genelally distally of the coil 264, and is desirably attached to the g.Jid~,..'h~ ploAi--lally of the IJlU~dil~l 20 end of the tapered section, as shown.
The basket 270 (shown in its csl1~rse~ cQnfi~ation in Figure 1 lA) ;--r~ s a distal band 272 and a plU.~ band 274. The &stal band may be made of a 1 opaq,,e mqtPnql, such as gold, platinum or tungsten, and is affLsed directly to the shaft of the g.lid~.. ihe 260. This attachment may be made by any suitable means, such 25 as by welding, bra~ing or solderiDg. Alt~ ti\,ely, the distal band 272 may c~m~
a bead of a b ~z r ~-bl.~ Ju~ lnqt~riqll such as a curable organic Iesin. If it is desired to increase the visibility of the band for fluolos~J;c vl~se~ation, a, -~;opa~ ~e metal or the like can be ~ xdded in the cemcnLilio~,s material. TheplU~UlJal band 274 may be fonned of a hypotube sized to pennit the tube to slide along 30 the guide~ ; during deployment. This h~r~Jv~l~ may be made of a metallic material;
~ a thin-walled tube of a NiTi alloy should suffice. If so desired, the plU,~i ual band W096/OlS91 2 ~ 9 - 6 7 1 I~ .,3~108613 may be formed of a mo~ mctal, or a Nill alloy band can have a ad~ ~-q.,e coating applied to its surface.
The body of the dcvice is formed of a mctal fabric, as c ~~ Pd above. The metal fabric of this cmbodiment is ~ti~qlly initially formed as a tubular braid and the 5 ends of the wircs forming thc braid can be attached t~_lh~ by means of the bands 272, 274 before the fabric is cut to lengtb. Much like the clamps 15, 90 noted above, - these bands 272, 274 will help prevent the metal fab ic from unravelling during the forming process. ~I be method of forming tbe basket 270 is ~ ~ ~ ih~l below in connection with Figure 16.) Wben the device is in its rl~ !S~A state for deployment in a patient's vcssel (as jlh. ~t~,.t. ~ in Figure llA), tbe basl~et 270 will be collapsed tow. rd the axis of the gL~dC~ G 260. The dis~l 272 and plUAhl~al 274 bands are spaced away from one another along the lengtb of the b~ ilG~ with tbe fabric of the device extending thc.~ ~n. In a plef~ ,d eml~; P-~1 when the basket is in its coDa~sed state it 15 will engage the outer surface of the ~ ie.~G to permit ~e device to be d~lu~dthrough a ,~L~cl~ small lumen of a catheter or another medical device.
When tbe device is d~lUJ_d in a patient's v~lar system, the basket will take on an expanded configuradon wherein it extends O~lt~. ~dl~ of the outer surface of the gU~.ilC. As best seen in Figure llB, the shape of the baslcet 270 when deployed 20 may generally IC~ a co~ tiondl um~lld or parachute, having a dome-like structure curving radially outwardly from the g~de.. I.c moving plU~ u~.ally from the distal band 272. It is to be I ~ ~tood that other suitable shapes could easily perform the desired filtering function, such as a conical shape wherein the slope of the device changes more linearly than the smooth, rounded version shown in Figure 11B. n is25 also believed that a relatively flat, disc shape would also mffice. In this expanded config. dtion, the two bands 272, 274 are closer tc~,lhc~, with the distal band 272 optim~lly being spaced only a short distance from the ~IIUAih al band 274, as illustrated.
In moving from its collapsed state (Figure 1 lA) to its ~Yp. - ~e d state (Figure 30 llB), the metal fabric turns in oo itself, with a plu~.dl portion 282 of the c~ apsed basket beiog received within the ioterior of a distal portion 284 of the c~ll \rsed basket.
This plo~ces a two-layered S~ Lul~; having a plUJUh~lal lip 286 spaced radially ~ 1 ~467 1 WO g6/01S91 ~ ~.,9~08Cl3 outwardly of the ~;ui~..~, d~ rn;-~ a p~u~ally-facing cup-shaped cavity 288 of the ba~cket. When blood (or any other fluid) flows through the basket in a distal &_~n, any particulate matter in the blood, e.g. emboli rPln~cpd into the bloodstream during atherectomy or an~ opl~ uce~ ~J will tend to be trapped in the cavity 288 of the5 ba ket.
The precise dimensions of the metal fabric can be varied as desired for ~ious applications. lf the device 250 is to be used as a vascular filter to trap emboli released into the blood, for example, the pores (i.e. the openings ~n the ClOSS~g metal strands) of the fab~ic are desi~Uy on the order of about 1.0 rmn. T!his is generally 10 deemed to be the minimum size of any p~clcs which are likely to cause any adverse side effects if they are allowed to float freely within a blood vessel. One would not want to make the pores too small, though, because the blood (or other fluid) should be free to pass through the wall of the basket 270. If so desired, the basket may be coated with a suitable anti-thrombogenic coating to prevent the basket from oc~ d;~e a 15 blood vessel in which it is deployed.
When a fabric having 1.0 mm pores is used to form the basket 270 of this embo~ of the ~ t;on, the forming process will reorient the wires relative to one another and in some areas (e.g. adjacent the p~u..imal lip 286) the pores will be larger than 1.0 mm. However, because the basket's walls are formed of ec~pnt~ y two ~ . 282, 284 of the fab~ic, the ~,rr~~ e pore size of the device may be ci~ y reduced even at these loc,~;n~
The device 250 may also be provided with tethers 290 for cnllar~;ng the basket 270 during ~ ;on The basket may include four in~' ~r ' nt tether ~vires, each ofwhich extends ~luAil.lally from the plu~llal lip 286 of the deployed basket. In a ~)lef~ d em~l;-n- - ~ though, the four tether wi~s ill~ ,.t.,d in the dla~ 6s a~actually formed of two longer wires, with each wire ~ ~" yJ~ .lly about a portion of the p.u~"al lip of the basket. These tether wires may be intL.~wi~d with the wires of the metal fabric to keep the tethers in place during use. When the tethers are ~L-a~t~xl or drawn down toward the 6uide..ilG, the wires ~-r~ ~ along the 30 p~ al lip of the basket will tend to act as dl~ t.-"gs, drawing the pl~Ailllal end of the basket Jadially il,~.~dly toward the gaid....~. This will tend to close the basket WO96/01591 2 1 q ~ 6 7 ~ J~ 9S101~613 ~ - 32 -- and entrap any material caught in the cavity 288 of the basket du~ing use so that the basket can be .~ A, as detailed below.
The tether wires 290 may extend along much of the length of the ~juid~ ..i,~; sothat they will extend outside the patient's body during use of the device 2S0. When it S is desired to collapse the basket for ~h;~ the operator can simply hold the ~idewire 260 steady and rctract the tethers with ~e~ect to the 8 ' .. ~. This can tend to be ,el~ c u.,,be.~me, though, and may be too dif~icult to e~f~1i;..l~
7~C~n~rliCh without b~ng the tethers if the device is d~pl~od at a scl~li~,c site reached by a t~ .s path, such as in the brain.
Accor~ingly, in the plGfe.~d emb~~ shown in Figures llA and llB, the tethers 290 are anached to the guid~ i 260 at a position spaced proximally of the basket. Thc tethcrs may, for example, be sttached to a metal strap 292 or the like and this st~p 292 may be aff~xed to the shaft of the ~;uid~ .;. When it is desired to close the ~ u~al end of the basket for ~ r1;~ an extemal catheter (not shown) can be 15 u~ed distally toward the basket 270. When the catheter encounters the radially extending tethers, the distal end of the catheter will tend to draw the tethers toward the ~,.,id~ .. ilG ss the catheter is advanced, which will, in turn, tend to d~aw tbe p~lal end of the basket closed.
Figures 12A and 12B ~ ct~tç an alternative embodiment of the device shown 20 ~n Pigures 1 lA and 1 lB, with Figure 12A showing the device CQll~SPd in a atheter C
for deployment and Figure 12B ~h~,~.~g the device in its deployed ~r~ -ation. Inthe e-.-boi;~ ' shown in Figures 12A and 12B, the basket 270 is formed substantially the same as outlined above in connection with Figure~ llA and llB. In tbe embo~ t of Figu~es 12, though, the distal band 272 is aff~ed to the ~ d...il~; 260' 25 at the distal tip of the gu;d~ . The gu;de.. hc 260' is of the type referred to in the art as a "mova~le core" ~..;de.. ilc. In such E,~.id~ s, a core wire 265 is ~;~_d within the lumen of a helically wound wire coil 266 and the coIe wire 265 extends distally beyond the distal end of the coil 266. A thin, elc ~d~ safety wire 268 may e~dend along the entire lumen of the coil 266 and the distal end of the safety wire may 30 be attached to the distal end of the coil to prevent loss of a segment of the coil if the coil should break.
WO96/01591 21 9 d 6 7 1 ~ J."5/086l3 In the embodiment of Figures 11, the p~ al ends of the tethers 290 are attached to a metal strap 292 which is itself ~ 'hr~d the shaft of the g~id~,~. l,.7 260. In the present embot~ the tethers are not attached to the core wire 265 itself.
~ Instead, the tethers are attached to the coil 266 of the guide~.~. The tethers may be 5 attached to the coil by any suitable means, such as by means of laser spot welding, 5~' ~en~ or brazing. The tetbers 290 may be attached to the coil 266 at virtually an - spot along the length of the coil. As ill~lC~t~ in these dla.. ~gs, for example, the ~ethers may be attached to the coil adjacent the coil's distal end. IIv~ r, if so desired the tethers may be attached to the coil at a location space more p,uA---.ally 10 from tbe basket 270.
An external catheter such as tbat referred to in the !liccYsC~ of Figures llA, but not shown in those dla-.i~,s, is illustrated in Figures 12A and 12B. Oncc the basket 270 is deployed in a patient's vessd to substantially reacb the expanded conl;G. ~ shown in Figure 12B and the baslcet has performed its intended l~ ;nn 15 function, the external catheter C can be urged distally toward the basket 270. As this catheter is urged forward, the tethers will tend to be drawn into the distal end of tbe catheter, which is ..-~J~ ly n~lu..er than the p~,.,..al lip 286 of the basket. This will tend to draw the tethers down toward the guidewire and help close the basket, as ,d above Figures 13-15 ;~ t~,-'~ yet another ~ n~ ive e---h~li~- Pnt of a va~.~lar trap in ~ceol~nce with the present illve.llion. This vascular trap 300 includes a basket 320 eceived over a EUi~ ilG 310. In most re~pects, the basket 320 is directly analogous to the basket 270 illus~ated in Figurcs 11-12. The basket 320 includes a ~ ;---ql band 322 and a distal band 324. As in the e---bQ-l;--~ent of Figures 12A and 12B, the distal band may be attached to the guid~ IG ' 5 .~ its distal end. ~ so desired,though, a SllUelul~ such as is shown in Figures 11, wherein the g~,:d~.. u~ extends distally beyond the basket, could instead be used.
As best seen in its c~llar~ state (shown in Figure 12A), the basket in~tl~es a distal Segln~~nt 32~ and a pluA-,l,al segmPnt 326, with the distal end of the distal 30 segment being ~ to the distal band 324 and the l"u~l~al end of the pno~
segment being ~ ct P~ to the p-u~ihllal band 322. When the basket 320 is in it e~ n-led co~r~ ;on (shown in Figure 12B~, the p~xi.l,al se~ -" 326 is received WO96/01591 2 ' 9 4 6 7 1 ~ V9S/08613 within the distal se~ t 325, ~ f~ g a pn,~i,l,al lip 328 at the plu~l edge of the device. The wall of the basket thus fonDed also includes a cavity 329 for ~ ,~g solids c-~ ;1 in a fluid, such as emboli in a patient's blood st~un.
The basket 320 of Figures 13-15 is also shaped a little bit diffe~ently than theS basket 270 of the P1G~;UUS dl~wi~,s. The ~ diffc.~nv-v between these two baskets is that the baskd 320 is a little bit shorter along its axis that is the basket 270.
Tbis different basl~et shape is simply ;-~t~d~d to illustrate that the basket of a vascular trap in acculJ~ce witb the invention can have any of a wide ~iety of shapes and no p~lic.il~ s;~ nce should be attached to the slightly ~1:tf ~ shapes shown in the10 various drawings.
In the ~lar t~s 250 and 250' of Figures 11 and 12, rcs~v.~vl~, tethers were used to draw down thc proximal end of the basket 270 to close the basket for ~e~ion. In the ~ A shown in Figurcs 13-15, though, the trap 300 includes a basket cover 340 pOS tj~ proximally of the baske~ 320. The baske~ co~rcr may also 15 be fonned of a metallic tubular braid and is also adapted to be c~lkFsed to lay geneIally aloog the outer surface of the guidewire 310. The cover 340 is not directly affixed to the 6~ide~ v at any point, tbough, but is iostead intended to be slidable along the g..id~ ..iuc. As best seen in Figures 13 and 14 wherein the cover is in its collapsed state, the cover 340 includes a distal L~polul~ 342 and a l,lu~al control 20 h~tul~c 344, with the distal h~rvh~e being attached to the distal end of the cover 340 and the p.u~ual contrl h~lul~ 344 being attached to the proximal end of the cover.
The cover 340 is shown in its ~-r~ .rr~d configuration iD Figure 15.
As shown iD that figure, the cover has a similar ~uet~ .~; to that of the basket 320, but 25 is oriented to be open distally rather that proximally, as is thc basket. As best seen in Figures 13 and 14 wherein the cover is iD its c~ d state, the cover has a dis~l s~Pnt 352 and a p,v~,.al seg~nPnt 354. When the cover is ~ oycd by uIging it distally out of the distal end of the d~lJlu~,u.~ .lt catheter C, the cover 340 will tend to r~cili~ntly return to its e-p~ ~ded co~ u-~tion and the distal b~l,otul~c 342 will slide 30 axially pluAullally along the ~ ;d~.. ~ toward the plu~n,al coDtrl h~Jotu~e 344.
This will invert the collapsed cover so that the distal section 352 is generally .
within the plv~dl section 3541 dPfining a distal lip 358 of the cover.
sc/olssl Pc~n sss~086l3 . . .
Thc ~/IUX.UJIal control h~p~J~be 344 may extcnd along a su~ntiql polbon of the length o~ thc ca~helcr 310 so tha~ it extends oul of thc pa~ent's body when thc devicc 300 is in placc. By gTasping the con~l h~l c and moving it relali~c to the guidewirc 310, an U~ [~l Carl control tbe posilion of thc cover 340 with respect to S the baskel 320, which is affLsed ~o the guidewires. As r~r]~in~i m more detail below io con~lrr~ vvith the usc of thc device 300, once the basket has been deploye~ and bas beeo used to fltcr objec~s cn~ined in the fluid k.g. cmboli ~ lood), the cover 340 may bc deployed and thc trap may be drawn ~.u~l.~lly toward thc co~er by moving the guidewirc pro~ally ~ith rcspecl to thc cont~DI hypo~bc 344.
I~ lhc inncr diqm~tPr of the disral lip 358 of thc cover is desLably slightiy lar~cr than the outer ~liqm~r~ o~ the proximal lip 328 of the basket.. Hence, whesl tbe baske is drawn pro~cimally towa~d the cover i~ will be ~ r~..ti lly ~nclns~A thercin. Thc co~rcr will therefore teDd lo trap any cmboli (DOl shown) or other particulate ~a~ter J~ within the cavity 330 of the baskct, A rctricval sheath S may then be urged 15 distally IO engage the outer surface of ~he covcr 340. ~his will tcnd to causc thc covcr IC coll~pse abo~t ~he basket, Tightly e~ in~ the outcr surfacc of the baskct. 'rhi5 some~hat collapsed structure can then be withdrawn from the patient's channel and removed from the patient's body. By ~nrlos;ng the baskct witl~in the: covcr, theli~r!ih~od of any filtcred debris within ~he basket being lost as ~e basket is ~etl;~ve~
20 will be subsr~nt;~ly t~limin~T~?
ThE guidewire and the metal fabric can be of any ~i~mP~r suitable for the intenri~ d ~r~lir:~rion of the vascular trap 250, 2~0~ or 300. ln ~ r~ nt, (Ct;~. 0 3~ f~ t ~r~!
the guidewire is hetween aboul 0.014"1and about 0.038'lin di~mPIrr and ~c wires of the metal fabric used to form the basket (and Ihe coYer 340, if a cover is inrJnd~
(n~,~ o o~ o.lS"~
~L~ I about 0.002';/and about 0.006'j! ll~c lh;. ~.. ,c~ of thc mctal bands (272, 274 or 322, 324) also is desirably in the ~ gc of about 0.002"~0.006". ~q~ ~ 15 ,.. ~ .
In one particula~ly prefc~ed emb~l; .~n~ endcd IO be uscd in na~rowcr vessels such as those eb~u~Jrlte,~ in cercbIal and coronary ~ ti~ s~ the guidew 0 36 ~
has ~ outcr ~ me rr of a~out 0.014~an~ thc w~res of thc me~al fabnc a~e about 30 0.002"/in rli~m~r.r, ~e metal bands ~ this C~.~h~ ~ "t may aIso have a thir~fs~ Of L ~c,~ O ~ S~
about 0.002"lso that they will not be sllhst~ ially ~iter than ~he c~llaps~A bas~ct.
~hen lhe device is co!l~psed for deploymen~ through a cath~, it will have an outer PlD~ S'n' W096/01591 2 1 9 4 6 7 1 ~ u~s/u8~
( f~ { ~) 4 ~
ti~m~lrr of abou~ 0.01 ,8~permitti~ the device ~o bc used ui~h r~th~rc and otheru-~hu-u~ atap~ed for use with a 0.018n/~ c.
figure 16 i~ tr~t~5 one cmbG~ of a molding el~ nt 370 which may be uscd in mal~ng a baskct 270. ~lthou~h the basket 320 and cover 340 of the t~ap 300 S alC 5hpcd somewhat dirr,,.~- tly, an a~alogotls ~nnlrlin~ dcment caD bc used for these por~ons of the trap 300 as well by simply modiry.ng some of the ~ .P.~ .c of theInoldirl~ clunent 370, but ,ct~i~g the basic shape and stme~rc of tbe mol~lin~
rl~nl It also should be und~ ,,od t~at the ~ ng elcsnent 370 is merely one pn, " ~ moldin~ clcmcnt for fo~ing a shape such as that of the basket 270 and thdt 0 ~ny one of a valiety of different ~oll ~g el~mcntc will be dp~ t to thosc skilled h ~he art, as noted above in co~n~tion with Figures lOA-C.
Illc molding clemcnt 370 has an outer mol~ section 37~ d f.~ a anved inr~cr surface 374 and an inner ~n~ing scction 376 havin~ an outer surra~:~ 378 S~ r~t;~lly thc sme shape as the curved inner surfacc 374 of the outer m~lin~
15 scction. The inner moldjn~e section 376 should be sized ~o be reccived ~ithin the outer "~ol~ se~ion, with a picce of thc m~tal fabric (noL ~hown) being ~ ~sed bcl-.~n the inner and outer molding sections. In a p~ftl~cd emb~l;...~..t the inner surface 374 of ~he outcr mc1~i~g element and thc outer surface 378 of thc ~Mer m~lrling section cach include a ~ cess (375 and 379, r~ cLi~ely) for receiving an cnd of the 20 b~aid. Ihc mo~ n~ surface of this molding elemcn~ 370, to which thc fabric will ~cnc~lly co.lful.l., can be considnred to include both the inner surface 374 of the oulcr Troldin~ secuon and the outer surface 378 of thc inner mold~ng section.
In use, the two molding sec~ions 37~, 376 are s~aced apart frorn one anothcr and a length of a tubular braid of me~a~ fabric (not shown in Fi~ 16) is ~ ose~
25 between these molding sec~ions. Optimally, one end of the fabnc is placed in the reccss 37S of the outer moldin~ se tion and the othcr end of the fabric i5 placcd ~n the reccss 379 ~n tbe inncr molding scaion. The lm1~r ;md outer rns~ nz se~ionc can then be ur~ed gcnerally loward one another. As the ends of thc wire a~l Iu~Lh one another, the tubular braid ~ill tend to invcrt upnn itse~ and a surfac~ of the tubul~r 30 b~ud will genera~ly confo~m to cithcr th~ ~nner suIface 374 of thc outer molding section or the outer surface 378 of the Lnner molding section, arriving at a shape analogous lo that of the basket 270 of the Iraps 250, 250'. The two molding sections ~,t,!,, '!~ 5' ", 1 W096l01~91 2 1 9~ 6 7 ~ 5~ 3 can them be locked in place with respect to one another and the metal fabdc may be heat treated to set the wires in this deformed cc~ ~f;6.-~ation.
The method in aceol.lance ~ith the present iu~ ti~n further includes a method ~ of treating a physiological c~ lU~ of a patient. In aceold~ce with ~is method, a S medical device suit~ble for treating the condition, which may be substantially in accordance with one of the embodiments outlined above, is sr-lPr~ For e~cample, if a patent ductus a~ic,~.-s is to be treated, the PDA ~~ o-~ device 80 of Figures 6A-6C can be ~ec~ Once the appr~priate medical device is S~Pl~P~, a catheter may d within a channel in patient's body to plaoe the distal end of the catheter 10 adjacent the desired treatment site, sucb as immediately adjacent (or even within) the shunt of the PDA.
1U~ devices made in accordancc with thc method of thc ,~ ltion outlined above have a preset e-p~ l configuration and a collapsed co~l~a-ation which allows thc dcvice to be passed through a catheter. The . ~ d~ c~ n is gcncrally 15 defined by the shape of the medical fabric when it is d~ù~uled to generally c~llrull~l to thc molding surface of the molding element. Heat treating the metal fabric substantially sets the shapes of the wire strands in the ,~o.h.ll~d relative po;~i~;n(~.c when the fabric confu UIS to the mol~1tt~g wrface. When the metal fabric is thenremoved from ~e molding el~Pnt the fabdc may def~ne a medical device in its 20 preset e-~ ded co-.r.gl~-r~
The medical device can be cs'l~rsal into its c~ rse,d c4--r~; --.-1ion and inserted into the lumen of the catheter. The coll~sed c~ ~lg -- of the device may be of any shape witable for easy passage through the lumen of a catheter and proper d~ployul~.Jl out the distal end of the catheter. Por example, the devices shown in 25 Figures S may have a relatively elongated collapsed confiL- - . t ;n~ wherein t~e devices are stretched along their axes. This collapsed co- ~ ;on can be ~ch;. ~c~ simply by t~ lling the device generally along its axis, e.g. by manually g.~-~;~ the clamps }5 and pulling them apart, which will tend to collap~ the expanded d~ r pO~
of the dwice 60 u~..~dly toward the device's axis. The PDA occlusion device 80 of 30 Figures 6 also opel-~t,s in much the same fashion and can be collapsed into its ~ cnllqrs~d configuration for insertion into the catheter by applying tension generally WOg6t01591 2 ~ 94 6 7 ~ U~ 108613 - . - 38 -along the axis of the device. In this regard, these devices 60 and 80 are not unlL~ce ~Chinese ~ ", which tend to ~-~ict in ~ - t~ under axial tension.
Once the medical device is coll~sed and inserted iDto the catheter, it may be urged along the lumen of the catheter toward the distal end of the catheter. This may S be accomplished by using a guidewire or the like to abut against the device and urge it along the catheter. When the device begins to exit the distal end of the catheter, which is po- ;';~ Y ~.1 the desired ~ P-~l site, it will tend to ~ ehUD
substan~ally entirely to its preset e-}"- -d~ ~ configuration. ~ ';c alloys, such as nitinol, are particularly useful iD this application because of their ability to readily 10 retum to a p~ul~r configuration after being elq~ir~lly dcformed to a great c~ctent.
Hcnce, simply urging the medical device out of the distal end of the catheter tend to p~u~,l~ deploy thc device at thc trcatment site.
Although the device will tend to re-~:l;ently return to its initial expanded configuTation (i.e. its shape prior to being collapsed for passage thn)ugh the catheter), 15 it should be ~ tood that it may not always return entirely to that shape. Forexample, the device 60 of Pigure 5 is intended to have a maximum outer diameter in its expanded conf~ n at least as large as and pl~,f~ bly larger than, the inner of the lumen in which it is to be ~ ~Ic~d. If such a device is deployed in a vessd having a small lumen, the lumen will prevent the device from completely 20 ,eh"" e to its expanded config~ ion ~o~ hPl~J~, the device would be p,o~ly deployed because it would engage the inner wall of the lumen to se~t the device therein, as detailed above.
If the device is to be used to permanently occlude a channel in the patient's body, such as the devices 60 and 80 d~ ~ above may be, one can sirnply retract 25 the catheter and remove it from the patient's body. This will leave the medical device deployed in the patient's vascular system so that it may occlude the blood vessel or other channel in the padent's body. In some c"~ n~s, the medical device may be hed to a delivery system in such a manner as to secure the device to the end of the delive~y means, such as when the Ih~ded clamp 90 shown in Figures 6 and 9 are 30 attached to a distal end of the delivery means, as explained above. Before ,~mo~lng the catheter in sucb a system, it may be ~SSa~ to detach the medical device fromthe delivery means before l~..JO~ g the catheter and the deUvery means.
Wo96/OlSgl 2 ! 9 4 6 7 1 ~ ~l3 lhe devices of Figures ll-lS may be deployed in much the same fashion ortlined above. }Iv~.e~_l, these devices 250, 250' and 300 are advant~ui,ly di~lu~ed for usc in c~ n~ur~ction with another medical device and will most fi~u..ltly ~ be let~act~d from the patient's body after use.
S For example, any one of these devices are suitable for use in C~ljv~ n with a ~ balloon a~L;~l~C'~ procedure. In such pluc~ules~ catheters having ir~latable balloons at their ends, referrcd to as balloon c ~~h.,~ are ~ rd within a blood vessd so that the balloon is positioned within a stenosis. These b~ nc arc p~ ~ A by the balloon catbeter along a jguidewire or the like; the balloons typically havea central bore therethrough. Once the balloon is }~ v~.ly posidoned, it is ir~ated and urges radially uul-.~dly against the sterns;C This will tend to sques~e the stenosis against the walls of the vessel, improving patency of the vessel.
When the stenosis is treated in this fashion, though, there is a risk that some debris will break free and enter the blood flowing through the vessel. ~ left ~r rllc~Lr~ this c---~ , can drift doanst~ll and e-~-bol; F- a distal portion of the vessel. D~l~t;t\~ on where the emboll~c comes to rest, the embolization can ~sult in - c;~ ,-;r.-~ tissue or organ damage. This risk is particularly acute in cardiac and co,ona,~ A~li~ ns because the embolization can result in a ~ ~dial ~ liOll or heart attack, and in neuro~lar and inter~ t;onal ,~ o~ q-l p.~d~ s the em~nli7~ti-~n can lead to a stroke or damage to brain tissue.
In order to prevent, or at least ~ lly limit, such ernbolization, a vascular trap 250, 250' or 300 of the ~ tion can be used with the balloon catheter. The device should be si_ed to permit it to be passed through the lumen of the ~Lcular balloon catheter to be used in the angioplasty.
In one e ~ of a method for using such a vascular trap, the trap is deployed first. The basket (270 or 320) of the trap will be guided to a position located dov~n~ll~ll of the desired l,catllle- I site through an i~-tl~_L ~r catheter (e.g. the catheter C in Figures 12-15). The basket is then urged distally beyond the end of the catheter, which will permit the basket to resiliently sl~l,s~ ly return to its expanded con~ ;ol from its co~ sc~ confi~uldion within the cathcter. Once the trap is in place, the balloon catheter can be e~chqnge~ for the il~ll~h - lion catheter, and the balloon catheter can track the g-lid~ (260 or 310) of the vascular trap. The WO9610159~ 2 1 94 6 7 1 ~ ,086,3 balloon can then be po-:~;n~-~Fd within the stenosis and expanded, as outlined above.
Once the ~ ,iopl-cly has been completed, the balloon Qn be deflated again and withdrawn p.u~,ally out of the padent.
In an sl;~ h~e ~ Pnt of the present method, ~e balloon catheter can bc S used to per~orm the same r.~ O-, as ~.ru~ cd by the ~ catheter in the p-. c~A;-~e embo~ ' In this c~ thc balloon cathetcr is ~os~ n~ in thc patient's vessel so that the distal end of thc balloon catheter is located downstream of the stenosis. The vascular trap ~250, 250' or 300) of the invcntion is then passed through the lumen of the balloon catheter and the basket is u~ed out of the distal end 10 of the catheter. The basket will resiliently substan~ally retum to its pl~f~,.l~d e~anded conr~g~ , whereupon the balloon catheter can be l~t~a~ t~,d along the shaft of the device's guidewire until the balloon is pn~ po~ n~;l within the stenosis.
If so desired, thc balloon cathcter can instead be provided with a length of 15 standard cathcter c ~ h --~ distally beyond thc distal end of the balloon. The ba31oon can then be po~it;o~d within the stenosis and the basket can bc urged out of the distal end of the distal extension of the catheter. In such an c~ 1 the length of ~e distal e~ of the catheter should be sufficient to plU~ I~ position the baskd with respect to the balloon when the basket exits the distal end of the catheter. This will 20 c~ the need to perform the S~ r step of ~ e Ihe balloon into position within the stenosis after the basket is deployed. The balloon can then be expanded, deflated and wilhJIa~. n as d~ s ~il ~ above.
Much the same ~.vc~l~ , can be used to deplûy a vascular trap of the i..~"tio,-for use in an ~lhe.~tu~ U~lUlc~ In such plOI~hl-G;., a cutting head is po~ d 25 at the distal end of an el ~ , hollow shaft and the cutting head has a bore ~ ~~ n~
therethrough. The trap can be d~41OJ~d in either of thc ...~ outlined above, but it is anl;~ ,p~l~ that in most ;- C~ res the first p~ced~--e will be used, i.e. the basket will be d~loycd with an i Jt~ ,cl;o~ catheter, which will be l~ lO~ so that the cutting device can be guided over the g~ id~,~. i~ of the vascular trap. It should also be ~ Ac ~ od that the device 250, 250' and 300 could also be used in other medical pl~c-~h~ in other bodily ch~nn~lc besides a patient's vascular system.
WO96101591 2 ' 9 4 6 7 1 ~ ~86,3 Since the trap is pos;ti~nP~ dGw.,;,h~n of the stenosis, any debris released during the p .)c~l~ will tend to driR distally toward the basket and be caught therein.
In order to prevent any emboli from simply floating past the trap, it is ~ ,f~lvd that the ~u~al lip (288 or 328) of the baskd be at least as large as the lumen of theS vessel. In a p,~fe.~ t the nahl~al dimension of the p,u~..al lip (i.e.where the baslcet has fully returned to its ~ sd c~rb.-~ n) is somewhat greater than the vessel's inner ~ ,h- so that the basket will finnly engage the waD of the vessel.
The method of ~ .e the basket wiD d~pend on which ernbodiment of the 10 ~ul~ trap is used, namely whether or not the device ;~ -dcs a cover 340. The devicc 250 or 250' of Figures 11 or 12, ~,~L-rely, do not include such a cover.
T'~ ", they do include tethcrs 290 which extcnd ~Iu~-~ally from thc plo~l lip 288 of the basket to an attachment to the g~id~ ~.D~. In either of these e.llbo~ , a al catheter can be introduce~d over the ~de.. ~ and urged distally toward the 15 ba~cet. As e~ d above in con~ with Figures 11 and 12, this wiD tcnd to draw the tethers down toward the 6..id~,~."e, e~r~ti~_ly closing the p~.~al end of the basket 270. Onoe the basket is ~--rr.~ y closed, such as when the p--~-,al lip of the basket engages the distal tip of the retrieval catheter, the ca~eter and the vascular tral) can be retracted to~,~lher from the patient's body. By sJb~ y 20 closing the p~UAUllal end of the basket in such a fashion, any emboli which are captured in the baskd when it is deployed can be retained within the basket until it is removed from the patient's body.
If so desi~d, a balloon catheter or like device can instead be used, with the balloon catheter being used to draw down tbe tethers 290 and collapse the basket. The 25 vascular trap can ~hen be .. i Lhdl~ l with the balloon catheter rather than having to f~lg ult~,.h,ce a removal catheter to remove the trap.
In ~.hL~a~i~ the e ~ od;-~ u2~ ~ed in Figures 13-15, the cover 340 is ned over the pno~lal lip of the basket before the vascular trap 300 is ,~ A
Once the medical ~I~Ju.c; is completed and any debris has been captured in the 30 basket, the cover 340 is allowed to resiliently s.,b~ t~ y return to its ~ d coni-~6ulaliol~ Once it is deployed pl~ ~ually of the basket, the basket 320 can be WO~OlS91 2 1 ~ ~ 6 7 1 ~ 3 drawn proximally toward the cover 340 undl it engages or is received within the cover, as noted above in connection with Figure 15.
In actuality, the cover 340 may be unable to return to its full expanded c~ r,;.--~ due to the confines of the vcssel in which it is d~lo,_d. As c~ ;n~
S prcvious1y, the cover 340 is dcDI~.-bl~ largcr than the basket 320 so that the basket can be reccived within the cover. However, the basket is opti~lly sized to engage the walls of the vesscl to prevent the un~vanted passage of emboli or other debris ar~und the edges of the basket. Ac~~ , the distal lip 358 of the cover will engage the wall of the channel before it expands to its full size. The walls of most bodily10 ch -- Fk> such as blood vessels, tend to be so,ekd elastic, though. The cover 340 will therefore tend to urge harder against the wall of the vessel than the smaller basket and may stletch the vessel a little bit more than will the basket. In this fashion, the cover may still be able to expand to a ~ on large enough to pe~mit the basket tobe ,~iv.,d in the cavity 356 of the cover. If not, the distal lip 358 of the cover can simply be brought into close e~a gf -~t with the lJlW~i~Ual lip 328 of the basket to generally seal the basket.
Once the cover 340 is brought into C-~ gf-~ with the basket 320, whether by ih~g the baske~ within the cover or, less p~fc.~l~, by e~ E; ~e the lips 358, 328 of the cover and the basket, the device can be ~ . n plu~illlally f~m the paticnt's vaswlar system. The cover will tend to prcvent any emboli caught in the basket during depl~.",lc.lt from being inadvertently lost during ~ hdl,,~al.
The v~s~;ular traps 250, 250' and 300 of the present i..~ iull th~fu,c have distinct adv~lt~es over other vascular traps or filters c u~.ltly hrûwn in tbe art. As ;n~ above, most prior art traps are difficult and t ,.~n~ to form and cannot be 25 readily CQll~sP~ for retrieval. The present in-ellLioll, though, provides a method for making the vascular traps 250, 250' and 300 which is both l~ldti~ re and less labor intensive, generally resulting in a more c ~ nt product than prior art hand-forming ~ h~s. I~.,llh~,ll,.ore, the stlucture of the device and the methods outlined above for removing the device will fairly reliably prevent the inadvertent 30 dumping of trapped cmboli back into the bloodstream while the device is beinglemoved. Since most prior art traps and filters are much morc difficult to usc and are W 96101591 r(,~ ,35~'C~613 ~ 21 94671 more likely to dump filtered debris back into the bloo~ , the present ~r~,.Lon can be s~b~ y safer than thcse pnor art systems.
While a plefe..~d e-~ho~l; nent of the present i"~c.lLon has been ~sc~ d, it should be undcr~tood that various c~q~es, ad. ptations and mod~lc~tions may be made S therein without ~p~ L;ne from thc spirit o~ the invention and the scope of the appcnded claims.
INTRAV~CUT AR OCCLUSION DEVICES
F!~ n OF T~ 7t~ TlON
The present invention generally relates to ~a~O~ular devices for treating S cer~in medical conditions and, more particuhrly, provides a method of forming intravascular dwices and certain novd intravascular occlusion devices. The devices made in ~ - Y ' ~e with the invention ar;e ~liw1~1~r wdl suited for del;~v. ~ through a catheter or the l~ce to a rea~note location in a paffent's vascular system or in analogous vessels within a paffent's body.
BACKGRO~ND OF '1~ INV~IION
A wide variety of ihlt~a~ular devices are used in various medical ~ v~<~dules Celtain intravasculOr devices, such as c~heters and gl ide~ vs~ are geae~ally used simply to deliver fluids or other medic. l devices to ~pecific locations within a patient's body, such as a l;vl~ v site within the vas~eular system. Other, frequently more15 complex, devices are used in t~eating specific c~n~ such as devices used in removing ~,..5. ul~r ocr~ A~ or for treating septal defects and the like.
In certain ci,- ul..s~nces, it may be necessary to occlude a patient's v~ssel, such as to stop blood flow t}~ugh an artery to a tumor or other luion. Presen~y, this is commonly ~ c~4~ ch~d simply by ;~ g, e.g. Ivalon p~ticlf s, a trade name for 20 vascular occlusion pallicles, and short sections of coil springs into a vessel at a desired n These "em~ agents" will eventuaDy become lodged in the vessel, &~u~ floating do.. I.~eam of the site at which they are released before ~ ' - c~inp the vessel. In part due to the inability to p.~ly position the embolization agents, this procedure is often limited in its utility.
Detachable balloon catheters are also used to block patients' vessels. When using such a catheter, an t~ ble balloon is carried on a distal eDd of a catheter.
When the catheter is guided to the desired l~?tinn, the baDoon is fiDed with a fluid un~l it ,-.1,~ lly f~ls the vessel and becomes lodged therein. Resins which will- harden inside the balloon, such as an acrylonitrile, can be employed to ~-.-- ~f ~ r fix WO96101591 2 1 ~ 4 6 7 1 Pcrluss5Jo86l3 the size and shape of the balloon. The balloon can then be d - ~ ~ from the end of the catheter and left in place.
Such balloon cmbo~ c are also prone to cer~ain safe~y p1~1cmc though.
FOJ example, if the balloon is not filled enough, it will not be finnly f~xed in the S vessel and may drift do ~ l within the vessel to anothcr location, much like the loose embolization agents noted above. In order to avoid this problem, l~h~i.;c~s may overfill the ~llnons it is not uncommon for Ip'11~nc to n~rc and relea5e the resin into the patient's blood~L ~-,.
I~ still o~ber l,lvc~lcis, it may not be ~ q to pumanes~y occlude a 10 vessel, but it may be n= y to provide a filter or the lilce to prevent thrombi f~m passing a particular locatioD. Por example, rotating burrs are used iD removing atberoma from the lumen of patients' blood vessels. These bum can ~rr~t;~cly ulge the atheroma, but tbe ~ lgr~ material will simply float do .~m with the flow of blood through the vessel unless steps are tal~en to capture the material.
Some researchers have plVpO5~XI various traps or filters for c~ e the panticulate mattcr released or created in such p ~-~, IIo.._._., such filters generally have not proven to be eYc~l;o~ y eÇf~L~/~ in actual use. Such filters tend to be cumbel~ol"c to use and accurate d rlo~ment is problematic because if they are not p~ ly seated in the vessel they can drift to a more distal site where they are 20 lilcely to do more harm than good. In ~ ion, these filters are generally capaSle of only l~a~)p~ leL~ cly large thrombi and are not effective means for removing smaller embolic ~ icles from the blood stream.
The p~blems with b --~po ~ filters, which are intended to be used only during a particular PIU~h~IG then .et~et~d with the thrombi trapped therein, are more 25 ~l.n lced ~ven if the trap does effectively capture the tl;clo~d material, it has proven to be relatively diffïcult or complex to retIact the trap back into the catheter through which it was del;~ without simply dumping the trapped thrombi back into the blood strearn, d f~ e the purpose of the temporary filter device. For this reason, most atherectomy devices and the ILke tend to aspirate the patient's blood 30 during the IJ~)CGdI~IG to remove the l1;C1~,~ material entrained therein.
~ e~ ;on devices, filters and traps have been pl~o~d in the past. Even if some of those devices have proven ~ fÇ~ , they tend to be rather WO96101591 2 1 9 4 6 7 1 ~ SI08613 expeinsive and time-co~ g to manufacture. For example, some h~t~a~ul~ blood filters ~ t- ~ by others are fonned of a plurality of specially-sha~ed legs which are adapted to fill the vessel and dig into the vessel walls. In mahng most wcb filters, the legs must be individually formed and then painct~kingly attached to onc another, 5 frcquently entirely by band, to nQsPn~ tbe final filter. Not only does this take significant sl~illed manpower, and hence ;~ , lhe costs of such devices, ~e facttha~ each item must be made by hand tends to make quality control more ~ h This i~une difficulty and expense of manut; 1~ is not limited to wch filtcrs, but is in many other ~.,t~ aisc ular devices as well.
Ac~d;.~ , it would be desirable to provide a method for forming devices for deployment in a vessel iD a patient's vessel which is both economicl and yields consistent" ~ e results. It would also be advantageous to provide a reliable em~~ device which is both easy to deploy and can be ~ t' ly placed in a vessel. Furtbermore, ~ere is a aesd in the art for a trap or filter which caa be15 d~lu~ within a vessd for ~ t~ 2 thrombi, which trap can be reliably dcjployed; if the trap is to be useid only t -~pr..,.. ~ly, it should be readily withdrawn from the patient without simply ~J~ )J the trapped thrombi back into the blood stream.
SU~lARY OF THE INV~mON
The present ~ ,.u.ides a method for fonning intravascular devices from 20 a resilient metal fabric and medical devices which can be fonned in accordance witb this method. In the method of the i..~ tion, a metal fabric fonned of a plurality of resilient strands is p~vided, with the wires being fonned of a resilient r ~-~Pnql wbich can be heat treated to ~vb~- t;~lly set a desi~d shape. Tbis fabric is tben defonned to gene~lly conform to a mol~ surface of a molding elemeDt and the fabric is heat 25 treated in contact with the surface of the molding element at an elevated temperature.
The time and t~ c of the heat treatment is selected to substantially set the fabric in its d~Çul~l-ed state. After the heat ~ t~ the fabric is le...o~l from contactwith the moldiDg element and will ~-b~ y retain its shape in ~e deformed state.
The fabric so treated defines an ~p~n~led state of a medical device which can be30 d~lo1~ through a catheter into a cbannel in a patient's body.
In accolddllcc with the method of the i..~e.llion, a distal end of a catheter can be po,:~;o~d in a channel in a patient's body to position the distal end of the catheter W096~OlS91 2 l ~ 4 67 1 ~ 3 adjaccnt a t~eatment site for treating a ~h~ co~ ;o~ A medical device made in accol~ce with the process outlined above can be collapsed and ioserted into thc lumen of the catheter. The device is urged through the catheter and out the distal cnd, whereupon it will tend to return to its expanded state ~ rP~ 1 the treatmeDt site.
S Purther embodiments of the present invention also provide ~pecific medica~
devices which may be made in accordance with the present invention. Such devices of the iovention are formed of a metal fabric and have an e~p~A~ configu~ation and a coofiguration. The devices are collapsed for deploymeot through a catheter and, upon exitiog the distal end of the catoeter in a paticnt's chaoncl, will ~
substantially renlrn to their e~panded CODf;6.~ " In accordance with a first of these anbodiments, a geneIally e~ ~t medical device bas a generally tubular middle portion and a pair of e~paoded diameter ~.liol~s, with' onc ex~anded diameter porlion positioned at either end of the middle portion. In another cmbodiment, the medical device is generally bell-shaped, having an elongate body havmg a tapered first end and 15 a hrger sesond end, the second end ~le~ g a fabric &c which will be oriented gencsaliy perpendicular to an axis of a channel when deployed therein.
Bk~ DESCRIP~ON OF THB DRAWINGS
Figures lA and lB each depict a metal fabric suitable for use with the invendon;
Figures 2A and 2B are a side view and a pe-.~ e view, ~1i~el~ of a - molding elcment and a length of a metal fabric suitable for use in fomling a medical device in acco~ cG with the i..~OliOO, the mold beiog in a d~ d state;
Pigure 3A is a P~ e view sl-o..iug the molding element and metal fabric of Figure 2 in a partially ~ b!q~ state;
Figure 3B is a ClG30 U~ view of the higolighted area of Figure 3A ~ho.. iog theco~ ~sion of the metal fabric in the molding ch~
Figure 4 is a cn)ss s~ ;n~l view showiog the ~ld- g element and metal fabric of Figure 2 in an assembled state;
Figun~s 5A aod SB are a side view and an end view, ~ ly, of a medical 30 device in acco,~ with the invention;
Wog610~ss1 2 t 9 ~ 6 7 1 ~ 3 Figures 6A-6C are a side view, an end view and a ~c~ e view, iv~ly, of 8 medical device in accord. nce with another ~ bo~ of the invention;
Figure 7 is a side, cross seational view of a molding element suitable for 5 fonning tbe medical device shown in Figures 6A-6C;
Figure 8 is a se~ ;c illustration showing the device of Figures 6A-6C
d~lo, ~:d in a channel of a patient's v~uhr ~ystem to occlude a Patent Ductus Arteriosus;
Figures 9A and 9B are a side view and an end view, ~ ly, of a medical 10 devioe in accc l~n~ with yet another embodiment of the il.~ t;on~
Figure lOA is a side view of one molding element suitable for forming the ilJ;~ of Figures 9A and 9B;
Figure lOB is a cross ~ nql view of another molding element suitable for folmiog tbe invention of Pigures 9A and 9B;
Figure lOC is a cross ~;.. ,L~l vie~v of still anotber molding element witable for forming tbe invention of Pigures 9A and 9B;
Figure l lA is a s~ side view of yet another medical device made in nre with the i~ showing the device in a coll~rsed state for d ~ e.lt in a patient's vascular system;
Figure llB is a schematic side view of the medic~ device of Figure llA in an expanded state for deployment in a patient's vascular s3rstem;
Figure 12A is a schematic side view of an al~ e e~ of the invcntioo of Figure llA sh~ing the device in a collapsed state ~vithdn a catheter for deployment;
Figure 12B is a 5Çh~ ' side view of the device of Figure 12A ~ho.......... i.-g the device dcplG~ed dis~ally of the c~th~,t~., Figure 13 is a schematic p.,.~)ccti~re view showing a medical device io accon' - ~ with yet a further embodiment of the invention collapsed within a catheter for deployment in a channel in a patient's body;
Figure 14 is a s '- r- - side view of the device of Figure 13 in a pa~ially deployed state; and W096/0159~ 2 1 9ll 671 ~n7cs~
~.
Figll~e 15 is a sch ~ ;r s;de Yie~r of the devicc of Fi~re 13 in a ~fu~ly dcployed state.
DETAIL~ DESCRIPI~ON OF TR~ PR~FERRED E~BODIME~TS
Thc p~scnt ~ n provides a l~,p~xlu~ ;hl~, relatively i~ ;Ye method of S fo~ung devices for usc in ch~nA~l~ in patients' boties, such as vascular ch~nn~ls, urinaTy tracts, biL~ary ducts and thc like, as well as devices which may bc madc via that method. In forming a metica~ deYice via the mcLhod of the invcntion, a me 1fabric I0 is p~ idcd. The fabnc is formcd of a plurality of wi~e strands ha~nng a p~ ,d rclativc ~ r ~io~ b~ ~h the strands. FiguT~s IA and lB ill~ e 10 ~o e~ plcs of maal fabrics whicl~ suitablc for use in the method of the invendon.
In ~be fabric of Figure IA, the mct~l s~nds define t~o scts Or ~55rn~ y parallel genesally helical 5t~ands, with the st~a~ds of one set having a ~hand", i.e. a rli~o~jnn of rotation, o~ tbat of the othcr set. This defines a gcnerally tubul~15 fabnc, Icnown in thc fabnc industry as a hbular braid. Such tubu}ar bra~ds arc ~cll known in the fabric arts and find some ~lir~tjnnc in the medical device field astubular fabri~c, such as L~ ~;nto.l,~ng thc wa~l of a guiding ca~heter. As such braids are wcll known, they need not bc ~ rl~55ed a~ length here.
Thc pitch of thc ~ire st~nds fi.c. the angle dcfincd bctween thc ~un~s of ~he 20 wi~ and thc axis of thc braid) and the piclc of tbc fabric (i.c. thc number Or tums per unit lengt~) may bc adjusted as desired for a particular application. For ~Y~pl~, if the mcdical deYice to be fonned is to be used to occlude thc channcl irl which it is placed, the pitch and pick of thc fabric will tcnd ~o bc highcr than if the devicc is simply in~ ~dr~ to filter bodily fluid pass ng the~through.
~5 For e~rnp!~, in usin~ a ~ubular b~aid such ~s thal shown in Figurc lA lo fonn a device such as that illustrated in Figurcs SA and 5B, a Nbul~r br~ud of about 4 mm ~n r~ c~r with a pi~ch of about 50~ and a pick of about 74 ~er lincar inch~rould ~ ; j secm suitable for a devices use~ in o~ i.,e-~hqnn~l~ on the order of about 2 mm to about ~ mm in inner di~n~ r, as dctailed bclow in COn~C~ ~ith the cm~odimenl of 3Q Figures SA and 5B.
A~AE~ D S~
wos6/olss1 2 1 9 ~ 6 7 1 }~ 9s10~6l3 Figure lB i~ st~tps another t~pe of fabric which is suitable for use in the method of the ~t;on. This fabric is a more co~ "~nal fabnc and may take the form of a flat woven sheet, knitted sheet or the like. In the wo~ren fabAc shown in ~ Figure lB, there are also two sets 14 and 14' of generally pa~alld ~ands, with one set 5 of strands being oriented at an angle, e.g. gene~aIly perpendicular ~a~ing a pick of about 90~), with respect to the other set. As noted above, the pitch and pick of this fabric (or, iD the case of a knit fabnc, the pick and the pattem of the kit, e.g. Jersey or douUe knits) may be selected to op~mize the desired p ~ li~ of the final medical device.
The wire strands of the met~l fabnc used in the pr~ent method should be fonned of a material which is both r~Q;li~n~ and can be heat treated to substantially set a desired shape. Materials which are belic.~ to be suitable for this purpose include a cobalt-based low thermal ~ ;on alloy referred to in the field as Elgiloy, nickel-based h;gh ~ature high-strength "supe alloys" commcrcially a~ailable from Haynes International under the trade name Hastelloy, ni~l bascd heat treatable alloys sold under the name Incoloy by InterDational Nickel, and a number of different grades of stainless steel. The Illl~olL~t factor in choosing a suitable n ~ iql for the wires is that the wires retain a suitable amount of the deformation induced by the molding surface (as d~sc~ d below) when subjected to a p ~d~ t -~ heat t~atment.
One class of m~nql~ which meet these qualific~ions arc s~called s~ape memory alloys. Such alloys tend to have a ~m~ c induced phase change which will cause the material to have a l,lef~,..Gd co ~fi~ t;n~ which can be fLl~ed by heating the mqt~-iql above a certain !-~n~;~;on temperature to induce a change in the phase of the material. When the alloy is cooled back down, the alloy will ~ the 25 shape it was in during the heat t~ t and will tend to assume that CQ'~
unless CQ~ F~ from so doing.
One pa~icularly ~.ef~..-Gd shape memory alloy for use h the p e~ent method is nitinol, an appr.,~ tely stoichiometric alloy of nickel and titanium, which may also include other minor ~mOuT~tc of other metals to achieve desired PI~J lie~c. Nll i alloys 30 such as nitinol, including ap~.u~ e C~ Q5;~;nnC and ~ g reqllU~,~U~t~, are well known in the alt and such alloys need not be d;~ d in detail here. For example, U.S. Patents 5,067,489 (Lind) and 4,991,602 (Amplatz et al.), the t, ~nl~;~,c of which ? 1 9467 1 wo sc/olss~ ,~uscl3 are i,.col~rated herein by ,~f~ci--e, discuss the use of shape memory NiTi alloys in .,id~ ..i,~s. Such NiTi alloys are l.~f~.~;d, at least in part, because they are~1l",1cn ially avilable and more is known about h-~llin~ such alloys than other known sbape ll.~.o~ y alloys. NiTi alloys are also vcry clastic - thcy are said to be 5 ~u~.~ l~t;c" or "p~ -~do~ c'ic". This ~l~ticity will help a device of thc invendon retum to a present e~= ~d configuration for d~l~u.cnt.
The wire strands can ~ ~1-,;ce a ~ ~d mon~fi1q~rnt of the selectcd materiall i.e. a standard wire stock may be used. If so desirod, though, thc individual wire strands may be formed from "cables" made up of a plurality of individual wircs.
10 Por example, cables formed of metal wires where several wires are helically ~. ,appcd about a oent~al wire are c~"~e~;~lly available and NiTi cables having an outer A;~ r of 0.003 inches or less can be ~u~has~. One advantage of certain cables isthat they tend to be "softer" than Inonofi~q~nent wires having the same diamder and formed of the same material. ~ ;OA~11Y~ if the devioe being formed from the wire15 ~ands is to be used to occlude a vessel, the use of a cable can ~...,.~se the effective surface area of the wire strand, which will tend to p~.~ole ~u ~ c In p~ ;on of forming a medic.,l device in keeping with the i,,~ ~;o~, an applu~ndtul), sized piece of the metal fabric is cut from the larger piece of fabric which is formed, for example, by ~lA;.I;.~e wire strands to form a long tubular braid.
20 The ~ ci~ ~s of the piece of fabric to be cut will depend, in large part, upon the size and shape of the medical device to be formed lhclef ......
When cutting the fabric to the desired dimP- -ior s, care should be taken to ensure that the fablic will not unravel. In the case of tubular braids formed of Nm alloys, for example, the individual wire strands will tend to return to their heat-set 25 co- r~ ;unless co-~ d;--~ If the braid is heat treated to set the strands in the braided configu.dt;u,., they will tend to remain in the braided form and only the ends will become f~ayed. However, it may be more C~4~ ;C~l to simply fo~m the braid without heat treating the blaid since the fabric will be heat treated again in forming the medical device, as noted below.
In such ~ t.~t~,d NiTi fabrics, the strands will tend to return to their ~ 1P~
c~- r~ ;nn and thc braid can unravel fairly quickly unless the ends of the length of b~aid cut to form the device are cor~ ;--ed relative to one another. One method W09ClOlS91 2 1 9 4 6 7 1 ~ 35,~sl3 which has proven to be useful to prcvent the braid from L~ elu~g is to clamp theblaid at two l~ ~;'JI~ and cut the braid to leave a length of the braid having clamps (15 in Figun~ 2) at either end, thereby effectively de r;-~ ~g an cmpty space within a scaled length of fabric. These clamps lS will hold thc cnds of the cut braid togethcr S and prcvcnt the braid from UlU~tCling.
Alternativcly, onc can solder, braze, weld or oth~ e affiY the ends of the desircd Icngth t~,~ r (e.g. with a biocompatible ~ ~-til;-~ organic mate~ial) bcfore cutting tbe braid. Although soldering and brazing of Nl~l alloys has provcn to be fairly ~1:4fi.',~-1t, the ends can be welded h b.,lh.,l, such as by spot wcl&g wilh a laser wclder.
The same problems present l~ ~lves when a flat sheet of fabric such as the woven fabric shown in Figure lB is used. With such a fabric, the fabric can be inveIted upon itself to form a recess or d~ Ol~ and the fabric can be clamped about this recess to form an empty pocket (not soown) before the fabric is cut. If it is desired to keep the fabric in a gene~ally flat CO--r~ dtiOO, it may be ne ~ to weld tbe junctioDs of the strands ~ r adjacent the p~ of the desired piece of fabric before that piece is cut from the larger sheet. So connecting the ends of the strands tog~h_r will prevent fabrics formed of untrcated shape memory alloys and the like from um~eling during the forming process.
Oncc an app~iately sized piece of the metal fabric is obtaincd, the fabric is d~,fu~u~cd to generally co lfulul to a ~uface of a molding element. As will be tA more fully from the tl;5~ on below in connection with Figures 2-16, so d~rU.I~g the fabric will reorient the reladve posidons of the st~ands of the metal fabric from their initial order tO a second, reoriented configuradon. The sbape of the , ~lAil~g element should be selected to deform the fabric into i,-b~ y the shape of the desired medical device.
The ~ element can be a single piece, or it can be formed of a series of mold pieces which tog ~h. r define the surface to which the fabric will generally U~III. The molding element can be ~sP ~, ~d within a space e~ o3ed by the fabricor can be extemal of such a space, or can even be both inside and outside such a- space.
WOg6/01591 2 1 9 A 5 7 ~ 086l3 In order to illustrate one r'e of how such a mold may be cQ~r~e~ d and how it may be used in accul~nee with the method of the invention, ~fu.~nce will be had to Figures 2-5. In Figures 2-4, the molding element 20 is fonned of a number of separate pieces which can he ~ ched to one anot_er to complete the molding element 5 20. In using such a multi-piece molding element, the mold can be assembled about the cut length of fabric 10, thereby ~l~;r.~ g the fabric to generally conform to the desired surface (or surfaces) of the molding element.
In the molding element illustrated in Figures 2 4, the metal fabric 10 is d~fo,,1,ed to generaDy c~ f~ to a surface of the malding element 20, the molding10 element comprising a center section 30 and a pair of end plates 40. Turning first to the center section 30, the center section is desirably formed of oppose~d halves 32, 32 which can be moved away from one another in order to ,h~l uduce the metal fabric 10 into the mold. Although these two halves 32, 32 are shown in the d.~..,l.g;. as being completely D~ t ~ from one another, it is to be und~buod that thcse halves could15 be i.lt~ ~o~ ;1 such as by means of a hinge or the like, if so desired. The ~pposed halves of the molding element 20 shown in the ~ Wh.~;~ of Figures 2 and 3 each include a pair of semi-circular recesses oppos~ on either side of a ridge defining a genelally semi circular oppnir~. When the two halves are ~ -''~ in forming the device, as best seen in Figure 3, the semi-circular openings in the apposed halves 32, 20 32 mate to define a generaDy circular f~,.~ng pOlt 36 passing through the center section 30. S~.;h.ll~, the semi-circular recesses in the t~o halves lo~h~ form a pair of gene~ally circular central recesses 34, with one such recess being ~ on either face of the center section.
The overall shape and ~lim~nci~nc of the center section can be varied as desired;
25 it is generally the size of the centIal recesses 34 and the forming port 36 which wiD
define the size and shape of the middle of the finished device, as e~y~ rA below. If so desired, each half 32 may be provided with a manually ~ P y~jF~i~n 38. In the c- -bo~ shown in the drawings, this ylu;ecti~n 38 is provided at a location o,ed away from the abutting faces of the respective halves. Such a manually 30 g---p7~- p1u;e-tinn 38 will simply enable an Uy~ tu~ tO more easily join thc t~vo halves to define the recesses 34 and fonning port 36.
W096/01591 2 1 9 ~ ~ 7 1 ~ ,086l3 The center section is adapted to coo~ engage a pair of end plates 40 for forn~ing thc desired device. In the cmbodiment shown in Figures 2 and 3, the ccnter section 30 has a pair of flat outer faces 39 which are each adapted to be engaged by an ~ inneJ face 42 of one of the two end plates 40. Each end plate ;~el~d-~ a compression 5 disk 44 which extends generally laterally ,-~.~dl~ from the inner face 42 of the end plate. This com~ o ~ disk 44 should be sized to permit it to be ,~ d within one of the centIal recesses 34 on either face of the ceDter section 30. For reasons c~plaincd more fully below, each co~,~;o~ disk 44 includes a cavity 46 for ,~;~ing an end of the leDgth of the metal fabric 10.
10One or more c~ n~l~ 48 for ~ceiving bolts and the like may also be ~ ided tbmugh each of the end plates and through the center section 30. By passing bolts through these ~h~ 'r15 48, one can assemble the molding clement 20 and retain the metal fabric in the desired shape during the heat treatment process, as outlined below.
In uti~ np the molding element 20 shown in Figures 2-4, a length of the metal 15fabric 10 can be po~ rA bctween the oppnsPd halves 32 of the center sec~ion 30. In the ~.,.. Il.~s of the molding element 20 of Figures 2~, the mctal fabric 10 is a tubular braid such as that illustrated in Figure lA. A s- rr.( :e-" Icngth of the tubular braid should be provided to pcrmit the fabric to co, full-, to the .-~oh3~ surface, ascxplained below. Also, as noted above, care should be taken to secure the cnds of the 20 wire strands definiDg the tubular braid in order to prevcnt the metal fabric from unla~l~,l;l.g.
A central portion of the length of the metal braid may be po ~ d within one of the two balves of the fc,~ ~g port 36 and the cpposed halves 32 of the centersection may be joined to abut one another to restIain a centlal portion of the metal 25 braid within the central forming port 36 through the center section.
The tubular br,ud will tend to have a natural, relaxed d;~ which is defined, in large part, when the tubular braid is formed. Unless the tubular braid is ~hel~.ise d~f~lu.ed, when the wire strands are in their relaxed state they will tend to define a generally hollow tube having the pl~l,_t4l..lined ~ tu~. The outer ~ t~,r 30 of the relaxed braid may be, for e ~ rle, about 4 mm. The relative size of the forming port 36 in the central section 30 of the molding element and the natural, ~og610l59. 2 ~ 94 ~7 ~ U~9~ 13 12 ' . .
relaxed outcr ~ r of the ~ubulsr braid may bc varied as dcsi~et to achievc thc desired shape of the med~c~l de~icc bcing formcd.
In the ~ mr~ shown in Figures 2 and 3, the inner tti~met~r of the fo~g port 36 is c~im~lly sl~htly less than thc n~tu~l, rela~tcd oute~ ~1; t~ of the b~bul~r S braid 10. Hcncc, whcn the two halvcs 32~ 32 aI~ ~Crl~bl-~ to fO~Il thc cu~tcr SCCUDn 30, the tubular b~aid 10 will be slightly e~ .~y, ed ~nthin the fQ .: ~, post 36. Ihis will help e~sure that the tlJ~ular braid ccnfol,..s to the inner surface of thc fn....~
port 36, ~hich dcfincs a por~on of thc . ~l~ g surface of ~be molding elemem 20.~ so dcsi~Ed, a g~leRlly cylindnrq~ i~ternal ~ e sccdoa (not sbown) Inay 10 also bc p,u~id~ his intemal ~ g section has a slightly smallcr ~ e~ t~
~he ~ner ~ er of thc f~ port 36. ~n use, tbc internal mol~ii~ section is - placod ~ithin thc ~cngth of the metal fabric, s~ch as by manually moving thc wi~e s~rands of thc fabnc ap~ to form an opening tl~ugh which thc intc~al mo! ~i g section can be passcd. lhis interna~ m~ in~ section should bc po,;~ d within the1~ tubular b~d at a lnr~tion ~herc it ~ be ~i~pssçd ~rit~n the fo.,-,i"g po t 36 of tbe ccntcr section when thc rnol~in~ element is Lssemblcd. ~herc should be a s ~rfi~i~ ..r ~pace be~cen the outer surface of the hterior lT~ in~ s~ctiorl and the insler surfacc of the forming po~ 36 to per~nit the wire strands of the ~abric 10 to be ~eiYCd thc..,bcl~ ccn.
By using sucb an intemal mol~ing secuon, ~he ~limçDsir,~c of the ccnt~l portion of the fulished mcdical devicc can be fairly ac~.a~ly controllcd. Such an intcrnal ~lol~ sec~ion may be r~ q~y in cirwlnct~ces where thc nanl~l, relaxcd ouler Aiqmeter of thc rubula~ braid 10 is less tha~ the inncr ~ l of the f~,..,.in~ port 36 ~o ensuIE tha~ the braid corlfo~ns to the inner surfsce of that foTming por~. Howcvcr, it is not ~L~v~d that such an internal molding scction would be ~ce.~ if the oatus~l, relaxed outer A;~ r of the bIaid were larger than the mner ~ e~ of the fo~niDg pOn 36.
As noted above, thc ends of the tubular br~d should be secured in order to preYent ~he b~id fron- unrave~ing. Each cnd of the metal fabnc 10 is dcsirably ~ccciv~d within a cavity 46 ~ormed in one of the two end platcs 40. ~f a clamp (1~ in Figure,~) is used, t}le darnp may be sizcd to be relativcly snugly received within one of these cavities 46 in order to crl~,~L~e1y altacb ~he ald of the fabric to thc end platc ~E~DE0 S~
W096~OlS91 2 1 q 4 6 7 ~ PCI/US9S108613 40. The end plates can then be urged toward the center section 30 and toward oneanother until the co-np,~;on disk 44 of each end plate is received within a central recess 34 of the center section 30. The molding element may then be clamped in position by passing bolts or the lL~ce through the ch-~ r1c 48 in the molding element S and locking the various, ~ nts of the molding element t~ h~ by tightening a nut down onto such a bolt (not shown).
As best seen in Figure 3A, when an end plate is urged toward the center section 30, this will c., ~ the tubular braid 10 generally along its axis. When the tubu1ar braid is in its ~ced c~-~fi~,--ation, as illustrated in Pigure lA, the wire stlands forming the tubular braid will have a first, I ~A. h - ~--; ~ relative u. ~ " with ~spect to one another. As the tubular braid is compressed along its axis, the fabric will tend to flare out away from the axis, as i~ in Figure 4. When the fabric isso defonned, the reladve orientation of the wire strands of the metal fabdc willchange. When the molding element is finally assembled, the metal fabric will genelally conform to the molding wrface of this element.
In the ~l~'ing element 20 shown in Figures 2-4, the molding surface is defined by the inner wrface of the forming port, the inner ~ --- r;--~es of the cent~al recess 34 and the faces of the comp-~s;oll disks 44 which are ,~ce;vcd within the ~ecesses 34. If an intemal molding section is used, the ~1;A~ I outer wrface of that section may also be co~;de~ a part of the molding surfacc of the molding clement 20. A~o~ gly, when the molding dement 20 is completely ~ b1~ the metal fabric will tend to assume a somewhat "dumbbelln-shaped co~r~ dtion, with a relatively narrow ccntersection ~ ~se~ betwcen a pair of bn1hous, pcrhaps cvcn disk-shaped cnd s~innc~ as best seen in Figure 4.
It should be ~ ood that the specific shapc of the particular molding elemeot 20 shown in Figures 2~ is intended to pl~luce one useful medical dcvice in a~.~lce with the pre~sent method, but that other molding elements having d;rr.,.c~nfi~lPti~s could also be used. If a more complex shape is dcsired, the .-~
element may bave more parts, but if a simpler shape is being forrned the moldingelement may have even fewer parts. ~e number of parts in a given molding elementand the shapcs of those pa~ts will bc dictated almost entirely by the shape of thc WO96/01591 2 ~ q 4 ~ 7 1 I~"., .g~,086,3 dcsired medical device as the moldiog element must define a molding suIface to which the metal fabric will generally confo~m.
Acco,.li~gly, the specific molding element 20 shown io Figures 2-4 is simply intended as one specific example of a suitable ..-~.l.l;ng elemcnt for formiog one 5 particular useful medical devicc. Additional moldiog c~ haviog .lilf~ t desigos for producing dilf~... nl medical dcvices are explained below io conoectioo with, e.g., Figures 8 and 10. ~ {~ on the desired shape of thc medical device bciog formed, the shape and configuration of olher specific molding dements can be ~eadily designed by those of o~li~y sJ~Il in thc aIt.
Once the molding element 20 is asscmbled with the metal fabric gene~ally conforming to a molding su face of that el~m~ ~t, the fabdc can be subjected to a heat L while it remains in contact with that molding surface. This heat l-~h..c.lt will depend in large part upon the material of which lhe wire strands of the metal fabric are fonned, but the dme and ~ f -~ of the heat treatment should be lS selected to substantiaUy set the fabric in its deformed state, i.e., wherein the wire strands are in their Ieoriented reladve c~- r;6.~ ;on and the fabdc gene~ally co-lru~ns to the ll.olding surface.
The time and t ~IY~ of the heat t~atment can vary g~eatly d~ g upon the material used in fonning the wire strands. As noted above, one p~fe~
20 class of materials for forming the wire stands are shape ~ ....O~y alloys, with nitinol, a nicl~el titanium alloy, being par~cularly pl.,f~JI~d. If nitinol is used in making the wire strands of the fab~ic, the wire strands will tend to be ve y elastic when the metal is in its ~ ;c pha~; this very elastic phase is îl~ tl~ referred to as a "~ul)e~el~ic" or "p~..dor~ phase. By heating the nitinol above a certain phase 25 t~nc;~ion I ~ the crystal ;~uclure of the nitinol metal wheD in its Al.:t~ ;e phase can be set. This will tend to "set~ the shape of the fabric and the relative C~ ~r~ ;On of the wile st~nds in the por 1;0l~5 in which they are held during the heat Suitable heat ~ t~ of nitinol wire to set a desiIed shape are well known in 30 the art. Spirally wound nitinol coils, for eYAmrle, are used in a number of medical dppli, ~~;nnc, such as in forming the coils commonly carried around distal lengths of guidewires. A wide body of hlo~ lgc exists for fol-llil-g nitinol in such medical 21 9liS71 WO96/0l59l ~ ~5.~a66l3 devices, so there is no need to go into great detail bere on the p~ of a heat for the nitinol fabric pl~f~ .l~ for use in the present invention.
Briefly, though, it has been found that holding a nitinol fabnc at about 500~C
to about S50~C for a penod of about l to about 30 minutes, depending on the softness 5 or harness of the device to be made, will tend to set the fabric in its d~fw~lled state, i.e. wherein it conforrns to the molding surface of the molding element. At lower temperatures the heat treatment time will tend to be g~ater (e.g. about one hour at about 350~C) and at bigber temperatures the tune will tend to be shorter (e.g. about 30 seconds at about 900~C). These pa~ameters can be varied as necessary to lO accommodate variadons in the exact composidon of the nitinol, prior heat treatment of the ni~nol, the desired ~IVl)C~l~es of the nitinol in tbe finished article, and other factors which will be well known to those skilled in this field.
Instead of relying on co.l~;on heating or the like, it is also known in the art to apply an e1~ current to tbe nitinol to heat it. In the present i..~c~lt;ù,l, this can be accomplished by, for example, hooking ele~ l.u~ to the clamps lS car~ied at either end of tbe metal fabric illustrated in Figure 2. The wire can tben be beated by e heating of the wires in order to achieve the desired heat treatment, which will tend to c1;~ e the nesd to heat the entire molding element to the desired heat treating b~ -G in order to heat the metal fabric to the desired t~ G.
A2'ter the heat treatment, the fabric is removed from contact with the molding element and will ,~ y retain its shape in a d~rul..,ed state. When the molding clement 20 illustrated in Figures 2~ is used, the bolts (not shown) may be l~ O.and the various pa~s of the molding element may be disassembled in ~c~tiql1y thereverse of the process of ~ g the mol&g element. If an intemal molding 25 section is used, this molding section can be removed in much the same fashion that it is placed within the generally tubular metal fabric in assembling the molding element 20, as detailed above. Figures 5A and 5B il11.ct qt~ one embodiment of a medicaldevice 60 which may be made using the molding element 20 of Figures 24. As c~d below, the device of Figure S is particularly well suited for use in occ~ ;ng 30 a channel within a padent's body and these designs have p~ 1q- adv,ultages in use as vascular occl~-s;on devices.
WOg6/01591 2 1 9 4 6 7 1 ~ gs~l3 The vascular occ~ oA device 60 of Figure SA includes a generally tubular middle portion 62 and a pair of f.' .p~n tf~ diameter ~ io~s 64. One expanded diameter portion is ~ .i at dther end of the generally tubular middle portion 62.
In the embodiment shown in Figures 5A and SB, the expanded diameter portions 64 5 include a ridge 66 IJ~ ~ A~ about midway along Itheir lengths.
The relative sizes of the tubular middle section and the expanded diameter pordons can be varied as desired. In.this particular embodiment, the medical device is interlded to be used as a vascular oc~ s; ~1 device to su~ ny stop the flow of blood through a patient's blood vessel. When the device 60 is deployed within a 10 patient's blood vessel, as detailed below, it will be p~ ~r-d within the vessel such that its axis generally co;~ eS with the axis of the vessel. The dumbbell-shape of the present device is ;~t. ~ i to limit the ability of the vascular occhJ~on device 60 to turn at an angle with respect to the axis of the blood vessel to ensure that it remains in substantially the same position in which the o~ ~t ,~ deploys it within the vasel.
Although the illustrated e ~;ments of this invention only have two expanded b-~ po~ ns, it should be ~ t~x~d that the devicc could have more than two such e-p~ t~r polLons. For G ~ ~~ple, if the device has three c~p~lcd t ~ - portions, cach expanded d:~ t~r portion is scparated from at least one other ecl dianeterporlion by a tubularportion having a srnaller rl;~-~ur~. If so 20 desired, the ~t~ of each of the expanded diameter pul~ns can be the same, but they need not be the same.
In order to relatively strongly engage the lumen of the blood vessel, the r~qYim..m .1:-..~ of the ~ p, ~ portions 64 (which occurs along the middle ridge 66 in this e~ t) should be selected so that it is at least as gleat as 25 the ~~ of the lumen of the vessel in which it is to be deployed, and is aptimally slightly greater than that ~ t~. When it is depl~.,~ within the patient's vessel, the vascular oc~h-~:o~ device 60 will engage the lumen at nvo spaced-apart 1 ;o~s The device 60 is desirably longer along its axis than the dimension of its greatest d;-- Ptl ~.
This will ~.~b~ y prevent the vascular occlusion device 60 f~om turning within the 30 lumen at an angle to its axis, es~-nti~lly ~lc~ t;ng the device from b~ g rlicWged and ~mbling along the vessel with blood flowing through the vessel.
WO96/o1591 2 1 9 4 6 7 1 r~l/~Jog~086l3 The relative sizes of the gene~ally tubular middle portion 62 and expaoded diameter poltion 64 of the ~asc.~l~ OC<lUa;n-' device 6û can be varied as desired for any p~ "l~, application. For example, the outer d;~ of the middle poItion 62 ~ may range ~l~ ~, about one quarter and about one third of the mL~uu~l~ diameter of S the expanded dwneter poltions 64 and the length of the middle portion 62 n~ay comprise about 20% to about 50% of the overall length of the device. Although these dimensions are suitable if the device 60 is to be used solely for occluding a vascular vessel, it is to be und~ tbat these dimensions may be varied if tbe device is to be used in other applications, such as where the device is intended to be used simply as a 10 l,~ular filter rather than to substantially occlude the entire vessel or where the device is deployed in a dilf~ chsn~l in a patient's body.
The aspect ratio (i.e., the ratio of the length of the device over its maximum diameter or width) of the device 60 illustrated in Figures 5A and 5B is d~ly at least about 1.0, with a range of about l.0 to about 3.0 being ~-- f~ --~ and an aspcct 15 ratio of about 2.0 being particularly l Icf~ d. Having a grcater aspcct ration will tend to prevent the device from rotating geneIally pelpendicularly to its axis, whicb may be referrcd to as an end over end roll. So long as the outer diame~er of thecxpanded A - ~,r ~llio.~s 64 of the device is large enough to seat the device fairly securely against the lumen of the channel in which the devioe is Id~'c~c~, the inability 20 of the device to tum cnd over end will help keep the device d~loy.~ ~;~ly where it is positioned within the patient's v~ular system or in any other channel io the patient's body. Altematively, having cxpandcd diameter ~ ons which have natu~al,relaxcd diamcters substantially largcr than the lumen of the vessels in which the device is d~lJhJ~c~ should also suffice to wedge the devioe into plaoe in the vessel withwt 2~ undue concern being placed on the aspect ratio of the device.
The pick and pitch of the metal fabric 10 used in Ç ~ g the devioe 60, as well as some other factors such as the number of wires ~u~lvyed in a tubular braid, are l in d~ a number of the p-u~.lies of the device. Por example, the greater the pick and pitch of the fabric, and hence the greater the density of the wire 30 strands in thc fabric, the stiffer the device will be. Having a greater wire density will also provide the device with a greater wire surfacc area, which will generally enhance the tendw.~y of the device to occlude a blood vessel in which it is d~rl~,~. This W096/OlS91 2 ~ 9 ~ 6 7 ~ }~ 3 thron~l Og~A;~ can be either e ~ ecl e.g. by a coating of a thro.,lbol~;c agent or by a~ h ng silk or wool fabric to the device, or abated, e.g. by a coating of a lu~ iQuc, anti-~o--~bogG~lic compound. A variety of ~ Q and techniques for enhancing or ~duci.lg ~hl~ ~ho~A:chy are well known in the art and need not be S detailed here.
When the device is deployed in a patient's vessel, thrombi will tend to collect on the surface of the wires. By having a greater wire density, the total surface area of the wircs will be :~u~ increasing the thrombolytic activity of the devioe and e it to relatively rapidly occlude the vessel in which it is deployed. n is 10 bdieved that fo.~ng the occlusion device 60 f~m a 4 mm diarneter tubular braid having a pick of at least about 40 and a piteh of at least about 30~ will provide sufficient surface area to substantially completely occlude a blood vessel of 2 mm to about 4 mm in inner diameter in a suitable period of tirne. If it is desired to increase the rate at whicb the dcvice 60 occludes the vessel in wbich it is deployed, any of a 15 wide variety of known Ih-u~ ylic agents can be applied to the device.
Figures 6A-6C ill-.~t~ an altemative e --b~ - Dnt of a medical device in accordance with the present ill~ It;on. Tbis device 80 has a generally bell-shaped body 82 and an outwardly ~. r li-~ forward end 84. One al pl;~ n for which this device is particularly well suited is occ~ ;ng defects known in the art as patent ductus 20 ~ ;os- c (PDA). PDA is essentially a co~ n wherein t~vo blood vessels, most commonly the aorta and p~ ~sry artery adjacent the heart, bave a shunt betwoen tbeir lumens. Blood c. n flow dilectly between these t vo blood vessels th~ugh the shunt, co I.lu~u~ g the norma1 flow of blood tbrough tbe patient's vessels.
As c~ r~ more fully below in connection with Figure 8, the bell-shaped 25 body 82 is adapted to be deployed within the shunt ~h. cen the vessels, while the forw. rd end 84 is adapted to be po-~ fd within one of the hvo vessels to help seat the body in the shunt. The sizes of the body 82 and the end 84 an be varied as desired for ~l;rfe.~ y sized shunts. Por ~ le, the body may have a ~ d~-r along its generally cylindrical middle 86 of about 10 mm and a length along its axis of about 30 25 mm. In such a device, the base 88 of the body may flare generally ~adiallyoutward until it reaches an outer ~ --- 4 - equal to that of the fonvard end 84, which may be on the order of about 20 mm in tl;~ t~'~r.
WO96101591 2 1 9 4 ~ 7 1 rC~/US9S086l3 The base 88 d~h~l~ flares out lelat;~cly rapidly to dcfine a shoulder ~ing radially outwardly from the middle 86 of the body. When the dcvice is deployed in a vcssel, this shoulder will abut the lumen of one of the vasels being treated. The ~ fo~ward end 84 is retained within the vessel and urges the base 88 of the body open to S ensure that the Q~u~ulflP~r engages tbe wall of the vessel to prevent tbe device 80 from becoming ~ from within the shunt.
As detailed above, in making a device of the invention it is desirable to attachthe ends of the wire strands forming the metal fabric 10 to one anc~ther to prevent tbe fabric from unraveling. In the il~ c of Figures 6A~C, a clamp 15 i used to tie 10 t~o~h~ the ends of the wire strands adjacent the front end 84 of the device. It is to be unde ~tood that this clamp 15 is simply a S~f~ '' illustration, tbough, and tbat the ends could be attached in other ways, such as by ~ g, s~ldPn~ brazing, use of a bioco,~ le cemendtdous material or in any other suitable fasbion.
The .~..~.1 ends of the wire strands are showo as being attached to ooe 15 another by an ~hf rr~ive clamping means 90. This clamp 90 serves the same purpose as the schemadcally illust~ed clamp 15, namely to int.,~,ul~ the ends of the wires.
IIo~ er the clamp 90 also serves to connect the device 80 to a delivery system (not shown). In the embodiment shown, the clamp 90 is generally c,~ al in shape and has a Ieoess for receiving the ends of the wires to substantially prevent the vircs f~m 20 moving relative to one another, and a thleaded outer surface. The lh,~ded outer surface is adapted to be ,~ce;~d within a c~ al recess (not shown) on a distal cnd of a delivery device and to engage the Ib-~aded inner surface of the delivery device's recess.
Ibe delivery device (not shown) can take any witable sbape, but desirably 25 co ~ ~ an elongate, flexible metal shaft baving such a Iecess at its distal end. The delivery device can be used to urge the PDA occlusion device 80 thmugh the lumen of a catheter for d-~cJ~ t in a channel of the patient's body, as outlined bclow. When the device is d~plo~cd out the distal end of the catheter, the device will still be retained by thc dclivery device. Once the proper position of the device 80 in the shunt is eQ~ r.. -~, the shaft of the delivery device can be rotated about its axis to unscrew the ~ clamp 90 from the recess in the delivery means.
W096/OlS91 2 1 9 4 ~ 7 1 ~ s~8613 By keeping the PDA device 80 attached to the delivery means, the o~.~tur could still retract the device for ~ilioning if it is detem~ined that the device is not ~IU~~ por:~;nArd in the first attempt. This tbreaded attachment will also allow the operator to coDtrol tbe manner in which the device 80 is deployed out of the distal end S of the catheter. As ~ ~yl~ ~d below, when the device exits the catheter it will tend to resiliently return to a pl.fe,l~,d e~ ~ shape which is set when the fabric is heat treated. When the device springs back into this shape, it may tend to act against the distal cnd of the catheter",r~ ~ urging itself forward beyond the end of the catheter. This spring action could concei~d~ly result in impmper positioning of the 10 device if the location of the device within a channel is critical, such as where it is being positioned in a shunt between two vessels. Sinoe the ~ A clamp 90 can e~ablc the operator to maintain a hold on thc device during d~ployrncnt, the spring action of the devioe can be contmlled and the operator can control the deployment to ensure proper positioning.
A PDA occlusion devioe 80 of this emb~~ c~ of the invention can adv~n~o~ be made in ?~ r~e with the method outlined above, namely ~cfo- ~ g a metal fabric to generally confonn to a molding surfaoe of a molding element and heat treating tbe fabric to substantially set the fabric in its d~fol~.ed state.
Figure 7 shows a molding dement 100 which may be suitable for fol~ng a PDA
ocrl--r on device 80 such as that shown in Figures 6A-6C.
The molding dement 100 generally comprises a body porlion 110 and an end plate 120. The body portion 110 is adapted to receive and fonn the body 82 of the device 80 while the end plate is adapted to compress against thc metal fabnc to fonn the forward end 84. The body portion 110 includes an elongate, geneIally tubularcent~l scgment 112 which is sized to receive thc clo~ te body 82 of the device. The centlal segment 112 of the molding element 100 opt;~qlly has an internal diameter slightly less than the natural, relaxed outer ~ r of the tubular braid of which the device is formed. This cw--,ulession of the bIaid will help yield devices with .e~)lu~cil l,y si~d bodies 82. The forward end of the body poltion 110 includes a back plate 114 which has a generally annular sidewall 116 J~li.,g d.. ~ lly theref~om. The sidewaU defines a recess 118 which is gene~ally circular in shape.
WO96~1591 2 1 9~ 6 7 1 }~ ,086l3 The end plate 120 of the ~ ;ne element 100 has a generaDy disc-shaped face 122, which d~il<~bly has a cla np port 124 ap~ ~ately centered therein for ~ce;vi"g a clamp 15 att~~hed to the metal fabric, as noted above. The end plate also h~s an annular sidewall 126 which extends generally upwardly from the face 122 to def~e a generally ~1;~ recess 128 h the end plate 120. The sidewall 116 of the body portion 110 is sized to be received within the recess 128 of the end plate.- In use, the metal fabric is placed in the molding element and the body portion 110 and the end plate 120 a e brought toward one another. The inner face of the back plate 114 wiD engage the fabric and tend to urge it under co~ generaDy 10 ladially ouludly. The fabric will then be e~rlos~ generally within the recess 118 of the body portion and will generally conform to the inner wrfaoe of that recess. If one prevents the entire clamp 15 from passing through the clamp port 124, the fabric will be ~paced slightly away f~om the inner surface of the face 122, yielding a slight dome shape in the forward end 84 of the device, as illustrated in Figures 6. ~hhongh the illus~rated emb~ 4 ;--- 1~ d~s such a do.lle s?~d forward end, it is to be und~.~t~od that the forward end may be ~-~ba~ -t;-lly flat (except for the clamp 15), which can be ~rco--~ ;ched by allowing the clamp to be l~,ce;v~l entirely within the clamp port 124 in the end plate.
Once the fabric is cc n~.~sed in the molding element 100 so that it generally CO.~OIIIIS to the molding surface of the ~-~r~ e element, the fabric can be subjected to a heat h~l~ t such as is outlir~d above. When the molding element is opened again by moving the body portion 110 and the end phte 120 away from one another again,the fabric will generally retain its defonned, compressed conre~ 'io~ The device- can then be coll~rsed, such as by urging the clamps 15, 90 genelally axially away from one another, which will tend to collapse the device toward its axis. The cnl~s~d device 80 can then be passed thr~ugh a catheter for deployment in a channel in a patient's vascular system.
Figure 8 scll~ lly ill~ct~s how a medical device 80 generally as outlined above can be used to occlude a patent ductus aft~ io~vs In this case, there is a shunt, refer Ed to as a PDA above, which extends between a patient's aorta A and the ~ pulmonary artery P. The device 80 can be passed through the PDA, such as by keeping the device co!larse~ within a catheter (not shown), and the forward end 84 of WO96/o~ssl 2 ! 9 ~ 6 7 1 ~ 8613 the device c. n be . llowed to elqct;rqlly expand to substantially recover its thP,rmql1y set, "~ ~ shape from the he. t t~eatment pmcess, such as by urging the device dis~ally to extend beyond the distal end of the catheter. This forward end 84 should be larger than the lumen of the shunt of the PDA.
The device can then be let~a~ t~ so that the forward cnd 84 cngages the wall of the puhnonary artery P. If one continues to retract the ca~eter, the engagemcni of the device with the wall of the puhnonary artery will tend to natulally pull the body portion 82 of the device from the catheter, which will permit the body po~tion to re~rn to its e~panded c~-~r~b. -~ m. The body po~tion should be sized so that it will friction. lly engage the lumen of the PDA's shunt. The device 80 will then be held in place by the combination of the friction between the body portion and the lu nen of the shunt and the f~L~ cnt between the wall of the Fulm~n~Ty artery and the forward end 84 of the device. Over a relatively short period of time, thrombi will forrn in and on the device 80 and the th~mbi will occlude the PDA. If so desired, the device may bc coated with a suitable thrombolytic ageDt to speed up the occlusion of the PDA.
Figures 9A and 9B are a side view aDd an end view, lcJ~Ai~ely, of yet another e--.~li~ 1 of the present invention. This device 180 can be used for a variety of >~ nS in a patient's blood vessels. For ~ rle, if a fabric having a rclatively high pick (i.c. where the wire density is fairly great) is used in making the device, the device can be used to occlude blood vcssels. In other applications, it may selve as a filter within a channel of a patient's body, dtber in a blood vessel or in another c~qnnP-I such as in a urinary tract or biliary duct. In order to further enhance or reduce the device's tendency to occlude the vessel, depending on the application of the device a suitable knowD th~ e or antithrombogenic coating rnay be applied to the device.
This filter 180 has a generally conical c~ r.gl~"~ n, ~-pe~ g geneIally radiallyoutwardly from its ~ d end 182 to its forward end 184. A length of the device adjacent its forward end is adapted to engage the walls of a lumen of a channel. The maximum diamaer of the filter device 180 is therefore at least as large as the inner ~ t~, of the cbannel in which it is to be ~ d so that at least the forward end will engage the wall of the vessel tO s~ lly lock the device in place.
WO 96101591 2 1 9 4 6 7 ~ s/08613 Having a series of unsecured ends 185 of the wire strands 7'~ 1 the forward end of the device will assist in seating the device in tbe channel because the ends of the wires will tend to dig into the vessel wall slightly as the forward end of the device urges itself toward its fully ~ ed conft~ration within the vessel. The con~ ;or S of the friction b~t~n the wt~.~dly urging forward end of the device and the t~ ~e~c~ of the wire ends to dig into the vessel walls will help ensure that the device remains in place where it is deployed rather than floating freely within a vessel to each an undesired 1OC~ fjon The method in which the device 180 of the invention is deployed may vary 10 depending on the nature of the ph~:olo~ condition to be treated. For example, in treating an arterio-venous fistula, the device may be carefully po~ ned, as ~cs~above, to occlude the flow of blood at a fairly specific location. In treating other conditions (e.g. an artedo-venous mall~ n), however, if may be desired to simply~elease a number of these devices upstream of the mall~ in a vessel having a15 larger lumen and simply allow tbe devices to drift from the treatment site to lodge in smaller vessels do.. ,..,l,~,-.
The .lPr;ci,,n as to ~.h.,lher the device 180 should be pl~cis~l~ positioned at an exact locadon within the channel in a patient's body or whdher it is more desirable to allow the device(s) to float to their final lodging site will depeod on the size of the 20 channe1s involved and the specific c~ to be treated. This dec;~ n should be left to the individual o~.dt~r to be made on a case-by-case basis as his or her e~l~c ;~ e dictates; there is no one right or wrong way to deploy the device 180 without regard to the ~ -' tinn~ at hand.
In the embodiment shown in Figures 9A and 9B, the wall of the dcvice cxtends 25 generally linearly from a position adjacent the clamp 90 and the other end of the device, ay~ a conical shape. Due to the p~es~ll~ of the da np 90, though, the end of the device immediately ~ cc-4 the clamp may deviate s1ightly from thecone shape, as ;~ ed in the dla~ gs. Alternatively, the wall may be curved so that the ~ t~,~ of the device changes more rapidly adj?~ent the leal~ l end than it 30 does ~~ ent its forward end, having an ~~ ~ more like a rotation of a parabola ~ about its major axis than a true cone. Either of these e~ ents should suffice in ocr~ ng a vessel with the device 180, such as to occlude a vessel.
wo 96101S91 1 ~1I~JD9S~O86I3 -24 2l 9~671 The ends of the wire strands at the .~..~J end 182 of the device are secured with respect to one another, such as by means of a ~ clamp 90 such as that ~i~ s~ ~ ;~d above in connection with Figures 6A-6C. Pordons of the wire strandsadjacent the fonvard end 184 may also be secured against relaffve movement, such as 5 by SpOt welding wires to one another where they cross adjacent the forward cnd. Such a spot weld is schem ~ lly ill-..h,~t.'~l at 186 in Figures 9A and 9B.
In the e~ illustrated in Pigures 9, though, the ends of the wire strands adjacent the forward end 184 in the finished device need not be affLlted to one another in any fashion. These st~ands are held in a fLscd position during thc fo~, proccss to prevent thc metal fabric from unraveling before it is made into a finished device.
While the ends of the wire s~ands adjacent the forward end remain fLxed rclative to one another, they can be heat t~ated, as outlined above. The heat treatment will tend to fu~ the shapcs of the wires in their deformed eQ~r~ t;n~l wherein the devioe generally c~ o~ to a molding surface of the molding element. When the device is removed from contact with the molding element, the wires will retain their shape and tend to remain intertwined. Accol~lingl~, when the device is rcle~sed from contact with the molding el~m~nt, even if the ends of the wires are lcle;ascl;l from anyco ~-~ r;.~ the device should still sn~ y retain its shape.
Figures IOA-IOC illustrate thlee suitable molds for use in forming the filter 180 of Figures 9A and 9B. In Pigure IOA, the molding element 200 is a single piese which defines a pair of generally conical po,lions abutting one another. In anotha similar e ho~li".l "' (not shown), the ~ E element 200 may be genaally ovoid, shaped not unlike an ~mPnc~- football or a rugby ball. In the embodiment ilh.
in Pigure lOA, though, the molding element is a little bit less rounW. This molding elemen~ co.--~ s two conical ~",~ 202 which abut one another at their bases, defining a larger diameter at the middle 204 of the element wbich can taper relatively uniformly toward the ends 206 of the element 2ûO.
When the a tubular braid is used in ~ululin~ this device, the tubular metal fabric may be applied to the molding element by placing the molding element within the tubular braid and cl~ - ~ the ends of the braid about the mo'~ine element beforecutting the braid to the desired length. In order to better facilitate the attachment of the clamps 90 to the ends of the tubular braid, the ends 206 of the molding element wog6/0l59l 2 ~ 9~ 7 1 PCr/US9S/08613 may be rounded, as shown, rather than tapering to a shalper point at the ends of the molding element. In order to ensure that the braid more closely confo~ s to the outer suIface of the molding element 200, i.e. the molding eL,~ t's molding surface, the natural, relaxed ~ of the braid should be less than the maxLmum diameter of the 5 ~ nt which occurs at its middle 204. This will place the metal fabric in tension about the middle of thc dement and, in combi~lion with the clamps at the ends of the braid, cause the braid to generaUy co.lfu~ to thc molding surface.
Figure lOB illustrates an alternative mo1ding element 210 for fol...i.~g a dcvice 8ubstantially as shown in Figures 9A and 9B. Whereas the molding element 200 is 10 intended to be ~cd within a recess in the metal fabric, such as within the lumen of a length of tubular braid, thc molding element 210 has an inte~al cavity 212 adapted to receive the fabric. In this ~ the molding element may comprise a pair of molding sections 214, 216 and these mold sections may be subs's~ ly iden~r~l in shape. Each of thc molding scctions 214, 216 generaUy comprise a conical inner 1~ surface 220 defined by a waU 222. Each section also may be p~ided with a genelally ~1;...1.;~ axial reccss 224 for ,eo~ g a clamp lS (or 90) carried by an end of the metal fab~ic.
The two molding sections should be readily attached to one another with the larger, open ends 226 of the sections alr,lll;~ one another. The mold secdons can simply be clamped together, such as by providing a .~ "e jig (not shown) which can be used to plu~.ly position the sections 214, 216 with re~pect to one another. If so desired, bolt holes 228 or the like may be provided to allow a nut and bolt, or any sirnilar attachment system, to be passed through the holes and attach the sections 214, 216 ~;g~lh~
In use, a suitably sized piece of a metal fabric, ~ptimally a length of a tubular b aid, is placed in the recess 212 of the molding element and the two molding sections 214, 216 are urged toward one another. The fabric should have a relaxed axial length longer than the axial length of the recess 212 so that b~ g the sections toward one ~ another will axially ~ ,.~ the fabric. This axial co~ C~ n will tend to urge the 30 wire strands of the braid radially oul~.]l~ away from the axis of the braid and ~ toward e~ g. -- ~nt with the ~nol~ling surface of the element 210, which is defined by the surface of the recess 212.
wo g6/0l591 2 1 9 4 6 7 1 ~ JV~7/086l3 Once the metal fabric is ~fu~ ed to generally conform to the molding surface of either molding element 200 or 210, the fabric can be heat treated to sub~ t;~ily set the shape of the fabric in its d~f~ ed state. If molding element 200 is used, it can then be removed from the interior of the metal fabric. If there is sufficient room S between the resilient wire s~ands, the molding element can simply be removed by opening the web of wire strands and pulling the molding element out of the interior of the metal fabric. If molding element 210 is employed, the two molding sections 214, 216 can be moved away from one another and the molded fabnc can he .~:~.,d from the ~cess 212. D~pending on the shape of the molding wrface, the l ~-lti~ formed10 shape may resemble either a pair of ahutting hollow concs or, as noted a~ove, a footh ll with clamps, welds or the like ~.u-~idcd at either end of the shape.
This shape can then be cut into two halves by cutting thc wires in a ~ io~
generally peIpendicular to the shared axis of the cones (or the major axis of the ovoid shape) at a location about midway along its length. This will produce two s~parate filter devioes 180 wbstantially as ilh ~ in Figures 9A and 9B. If the wires strands are to be joined A,~ the for vard end of the devioe (such as by the shown as 186 in Figures 9A and 9B), this can be done before the conical or ovoid shape is severed into two halves. Much the same net shape could be mrlished by cutting the metal fabric into halves while it is still casTied about20 molding element 200. The separate halves having the desired shape could then be pulled apart from one another, leaving the molding element ready for forming ~itio-ql devices.
In an ~ql ,-~ c embo~l;ment of this ~hXl~ the molding element 200 is formed of a material selected to permit the molding element to be d~uJ~d for 25 removal from the interior of the metal fabric. For example, the molding elemcnt may be formed of a brittle or friable material, such as glass. Once the materi~l bas been heat treated in contact vith the molding surface of the molding element, the molding element can be broken into smaller pieces which can be readily removed from within the metal fabric. If this m~tPt;~l is glass, for L~ ., the ~c'~;nE element and the 30 metal fabric can be struck against a hard surface, causing the glass to shatter. The glass shards can then be removed from the enclosu,~ of the metal fabric. The resultant ?1 94671 WO s6~0~ssl ~ ,~086~3 shape can be used in its generally conical shape, or it can be cut into two separate balves to produce a device substantially as shown in Figures 9A and 9B.
Alternatively, the . r~ element 200 can be formed of a material which can be chemically d;~olvEd, or othe~w;se broken down, by a chemical agent which will5 not -- bs~ ly adversely affect the properties of the metal wire strands. Por example, the molding element can be formed of a temperatu,~ t~nt plastic resin which is capable of being ~;i,solved with a suitable organic solvent. The fabric and the molding dement can be subjected to a heat treatment to substantiaUy set the shape of the f~ic in conformance with the surface of the molding element, whereupon the 10 molding element and the metal fabric can be immersed in the solvent. Once tbemolding element is suhsts~tislly dissolved, the met. l fabric can be removed and either used in its current shape or cut into ~ p~ halves, as outlined above.
Care should be taken to ensure that the material selected to form the molding clement is capable of ~ h~l,'~~1;~, the heat treatment without losiDg its shape, at least 15 until the shape of the fabric has been set. For e ,3~e, the ,--o~ g element could be formed of a material having a melting point above the temperature nc~ss~y to set the shape of the wire strands, but below the melting point of the metal foll,.ing the strands. The molding element and metal fabric can then be heat tleated to set the sha~e of the metal fabnc, ~.I-~,.c~n the temperature can be i~ c~d to substantially 20 completely melt the molding el~mPnt thereby l~,n.o..ng the molding element fmm within the metal fabric.
It should be ~ h~o~ that the methods outlinP~ immediately above for removing the metal fabric 10 from the molding element 200 can be used in connection with other shapes, as well. ~l~hough these ,~ h~,5 may not be nc~ss~y or ~kc;~'e25 if the molding dement is calTied about the exterior of the metal fabric (such as are elements 30~0 of the molding element 20 of Figures 2~), if the molding element or some portion thereof is e~ os~l within the formed metal fabAc (such as the intemal molding section of the molding element 20), the e metl ~s can be used to effectively remove the molding element without adversely arr~g the medical device being 30 formed.
~ Figure 10C ~ ct~5 yet another molding element 230 which can be used in forming a me~cal device such as that i~ .tf~ in Figures 9A and 9B. This S''ing WO96/01591 2 1 9 ~ 6 7 1 1~1Uj JSIO8613 element co~ s an outer molding section 232 d~ fi-~ -.g a tapered inner surface 234 ~ and an inner molding section 236 having an outer surface 238 substantially the same shape as the tapered inner surface 234 of the outer molding section. The inner molding section 236 should be sized to be ~ ed within the outer molding section,S with a piece of the metal fabric (~ot shown) being ~;~s~d between the inner and outer molding 5~pionC The molding surface of this molding element 230, to which the fabric will generally .~ --.-., can be considered to include both the inner surface 234 of the outer molding se~ion and the outer surface 238 of the inner molding section.
This molding element 230 can be used with a metal fabric which is in the form of a tubular br~ud. If such a fabnc is used and a clamp 15 (not shown in this drawing) or the ILlce is provided to connect the cnds of the wire strands adjacent one end of the device, a recess (not shown) analogous to the cavity 46 in the face of the compression disk 44 of molding element 20 ~Pigures 2-4) can be y.u;;da~ for receiving the clamp.
However, the present molding element 230 can be used quite readily with a flat woven piece of metal fabric, such as is illustrated iD Figure lB. In using such a fabric, a suitably sized and shaped piece of fabric is cut; in using the molding element 230 to produce a device 180 analogous to that shown iD Figures 9A and 9B, for le a generally disk-shaped piece of the metal fabric 10' can be used. The metal fabric is then placed ~. ~n the two sections 232, 236 of the molding element and the sections are moved to~hcr to deform the fabric thc~ h. ~n. After heat treatment,the fabric can be removed and will retain substqntiqlly the same shape as it had when it was defo.u.ed between the two molding sections.
As can be seen by the ~ c~ of the various molding elements 200, 210 and 230 in Figures lOA-lOC, it should be clear that a number of diff~.-ent molding elements may achieve essentially the same desired shape. These molding c~ ns may be ,~ vd entirely within a closed segrnent of fabric and rely on tension and/or ;on of the fabric to cause it to generally confonn to the molding surface of the molding element, as with the element 200 of Figure lOA. The molding element 210 of Figure lOB ~h~ y e~ oses the fabric within a recess in the mold and relies on CO~ .ei.5iOl~ of the fabric (in this case axial Culllyl~iuu of a tubular blaid) to deforrn the fabric to the desired co~r~ ~tioû. Finally, the fabric may be WO96101591 ~) 1 9 4 6 7 1 ~l,U~9~l3 c4..1~l~sC;I ~t~.~n two ~ E parts of the . o!d;llg element to defo~n the fabric,such as between the two sections 232, 236 of ~- o~ g element 230 in Figure lOC.
Any one or more of these tfxl~n ~ ,s may be used in achieving a finished producthaving a desired shape.
Figurcs 11 and 12 illustrate al~ , e~ -ents of yet another medical device in accordance with this ~ tiOIl. Both Pigure 11 and Figure 12 ilh-dra~ a vascular trap suitable for use in tempo~rily filtering embolic p~ , c from bloodpassing through a patient's ~,.w~lar system. Such a device will most frcquentiy be used to filter cmboli from a paticnt's blood when another medical procedure is being p lru,med, such as by using the trap in ~_; ~inn with a rotating f,utting blade during an atl,~ v, ~ or with a balloon catheter during an~,iopl~ty. It is to bc und~q~nod though, that the trap could also bc used in othcr similar applications, such as in c~ in patients' bodies othcr than their ~,~ul~r systems.
1D the embodiment of Figures 1 lA and 1 lB, the ~ul~ trap 250 comprises a gene~lly u~nbrella-shaped basket 270 ca~ied adjacent a distal end of a 6~ 260.
The ~..id~..ihe in this ernbodiment includes a tapered distal section 262 with a spiIally wound coil 264 extending along a distal length of the wire. Guide~ s having such a distal end are conventional in the art. The basket 270 is positioned genelally distally of the coil 264, and is desirably attached to the g.Jid~,..'h~ ploAi--lally of the IJlU~dil~l 20 end of the tapered section, as shown.
The basket 270 (shown in its csl1~rse~ cQnfi~ation in Figure 1 lA) ;--r~ s a distal band 272 and a plU.~ band 274. The &stal band may be made of a 1 opaq,,e mqtPnql, such as gold, platinum or tungsten, and is affLsed directly to the shaft of the g.lid~.. ihe 260. This attachment may be made by any suitable means, such 25 as by welding, bra~ing or solderiDg. Alt~ ti\,ely, the distal band 272 may c~m~
a bead of a b ~z r ~-bl.~ Ju~ lnqt~riqll such as a curable organic Iesin. If it is desired to increase the visibility of the band for fluolos~J;c vl~se~ation, a, -~;opa~ ~e metal or the like can be ~ xdded in the cemcnLilio~,s material. TheplU~UlJal band 274 may be fonned of a hypotube sized to pennit the tube to slide along 30 the guide~ ; during deployment. This h~r~Jv~l~ may be made of a metallic material;
~ a thin-walled tube of a NiTi alloy should suffice. If so desired, the plU,~i ual band W096/OlS91 2 ~ 9 - 6 7 1 I~ .,3~108613 may be formed of a mo~ mctal, or a Nill alloy band can have a ad~ ~-q.,e coating applied to its surface.
The body of the dcvice is formed of a mctal fabric, as c ~~ Pd above. The metal fabric of this cmbodiment is ~ti~qlly initially formed as a tubular braid and the 5 ends of the wircs forming thc braid can be attached t~_lh~ by means of the bands 272, 274 before the fabric is cut to lengtb. Much like the clamps 15, 90 noted above, - these bands 272, 274 will help prevent the metal fab ic from unravelling during the forming process. ~I be method of forming tbe basket 270 is ~ ~ ~ ih~l below in connection with Figure 16.) Wben the device is in its rl~ !S~A state for deployment in a patient's vcssel (as jlh. ~t~,.t. ~ in Figure llA), tbe basl~et 270 will be collapsed tow. rd the axis of the gL~dC~ G 260. The dis~l 272 and plUAhl~al 274 bands are spaced away from one another along the lengtb of the b~ ilG~ with tbe fabric of the device extending thc.~ ~n. In a plef~ ,d eml~; P-~1 when the basket is in its coDa~sed state it 15 will engage the outer surface of the ~ ie.~G to permit ~e device to be d~lu~dthrough a ,~L~cl~ small lumen of a catheter or another medical device.
When tbe device is d~lUJ_d in a patient's v~lar system, the basket will take on an expanded configuradon wherein it extends O~lt~. ~dl~ of the outer surface of the gU~.ilC. As best seen in Figure llB, the shape of the baslcet 270 when deployed 20 may generally IC~ a co~ tiondl um~lld or parachute, having a dome-like structure curving radially outwardly from the g~de.. I.c moving plU~ u~.ally from the distal band 272. It is to be I ~ ~tood that other suitable shapes could easily perform the desired filtering function, such as a conical shape wherein the slope of the device changes more linearly than the smooth, rounded version shown in Figure 11B. n is25 also believed that a relatively flat, disc shape would also mffice. In this expanded config. dtion, the two bands 272, 274 are closer tc~,lhc~, with the distal band 272 optim~lly being spaced only a short distance from the ~IIUAih al band 274, as illustrated.
In moving from its collapsed state (Figure 1 lA) to its ~Yp. - ~e d state (Figure 30 llB), the metal fabric turns in oo itself, with a plu~.dl portion 282 of the c~ apsed basket beiog received within the ioterior of a distal portion 284 of the c~ll \rsed basket.
This plo~ces a two-layered S~ Lul~; having a plUJUh~lal lip 286 spaced radially ~ 1 ~467 1 WO g6/01S91 ~ ~.,9~08Cl3 outwardly of the ~;ui~..~, d~ rn;-~ a p~u~ally-facing cup-shaped cavity 288 of the ba~cket. When blood (or any other fluid) flows through the basket in a distal &_~n, any particulate matter in the blood, e.g. emboli rPln~cpd into the bloodstream during atherectomy or an~ opl~ uce~ ~J will tend to be trapped in the cavity 288 of the5 ba ket.
The precise dimensions of the metal fabric can be varied as desired for ~ious applications. lf the device 250 is to be used as a vascular filter to trap emboli released into the blood, for example, the pores (i.e. the openings ~n the ClOSS~g metal strands) of the fab~ic are desi~Uy on the order of about 1.0 rmn. T!his is generally 10 deemed to be the minimum size of any p~clcs which are likely to cause any adverse side effects if they are allowed to float freely within a blood vessel. One would not want to make the pores too small, though, because the blood (or other fluid) should be free to pass through the wall of the basket 270. If so desired, the basket may be coated with a suitable anti-thrombogenic coating to prevent the basket from oc~ d;~e a 15 blood vessel in which it is deployed.
When a fabric having 1.0 mm pores is used to form the basket 270 of this embo~ of the ~ t;on, the forming process will reorient the wires relative to one another and in some areas (e.g. adjacent the p~u..imal lip 286) the pores will be larger than 1.0 mm. However, because the basket's walls are formed of ec~pnt~ y two ~ . 282, 284 of the fab~ic, the ~,rr~~ e pore size of the device may be ci~ y reduced even at these loc,~;n~
The device 250 may also be provided with tethers 290 for cnllar~;ng the basket 270 during ~ ;on The basket may include four in~' ~r ' nt tether ~vires, each ofwhich extends ~luAil.lally from the plu~llal lip 286 of the deployed basket. In a ~)lef~ d em~l;-n- - ~ though, the four tether wi~s ill~ ,.t.,d in the dla~ 6s a~actually formed of two longer wires, with each wire ~ ~" yJ~ .lly about a portion of the p.u~"al lip of the basket. These tether wires may be intL.~wi~d with the wires of the metal fabric to keep the tethers in place during use. When the tethers are ~L-a~t~xl or drawn down toward the 6uide..ilG, the wires ~-r~ ~ along the 30 p~ al lip of the basket will tend to act as dl~ t.-"gs, drawing the pl~Ailllal end of the basket Jadially il,~.~dly toward the gaid....~. This will tend to close the basket WO96/01591 2 1 q ~ 6 7 ~ J~ 9S101~613 ~ - 32 -- and entrap any material caught in the cavity 288 of the basket du~ing use so that the basket can be .~ A, as detailed below.
The tether wires 290 may extend along much of the length of the ~juid~ ..i,~; sothat they will extend outside the patient's body during use of the device 2S0. When it S is desired to collapse the basket for ~h;~ the operator can simply hold the ~idewire 260 steady and rctract the tethers with ~e~ect to the 8 ' .. ~. This can tend to be ,el~ c u.,,be.~me, though, and may be too dif~icult to e~f~1i;..l~
7~C~n~rliCh without b~ng the tethers if the device is d~pl~od at a scl~li~,c site reached by a t~ .s path, such as in the brain.
Accor~ingly, in the plGfe.~d emb~~ shown in Figures llA and llB, the tethers 290 are anached to the guid~ i 260 at a position spaced proximally of the basket. Thc tethcrs may, for example, be sttached to a metal strap 292 or the like and this st~p 292 may be aff~xed to the shaft of the ~;uid~ .;. When it is desired to close the ~ u~al end of the basket for ~ r1;~ an extemal catheter (not shown) can be 15 u~ed distally toward the basket 270. When the catheter encounters the radially extending tethers, the distal end of the catheter will tend to draw the tethers toward the ~,.,id~ .. ilG ss the catheter is advanced, which will, in turn, tend to d~aw tbe p~lal end of the basket closed.
Figures 12A and 12B ~ ct~tç an alternative embodiment of the device shown 20 ~n Pigures 1 lA and 1 lB, with Figure 12A showing the device CQll~SPd in a atheter C
for deployment and Figure 12B ~h~,~.~g the device in its deployed ~r~ -ation. Inthe e-.-boi;~ ' shown in Figures 12A and 12B, the basket 270 is formed substantially the same as outlined above in connection with Figure~ llA and llB. In tbe embo~ t of Figu~es 12, though, the distal band 272 is aff~ed to the ~ d...il~; 260' 25 at the distal tip of the gu;d~ . The gu;de.. hc 260' is of the type referred to in the art as a "mova~le core" ~..;de.. ilc. In such E,~.id~ s, a core wire 265 is ~;~_d within the lumen of a helically wound wire coil 266 and the coIe wire 265 extends distally beyond the distal end of the coil 266. A thin, elc ~d~ safety wire 268 may e~dend along the entire lumen of the coil 266 and the distal end of the safety wire may 30 be attached to the distal end of the coil to prevent loss of a segment of the coil if the coil should break.
WO96/01591 21 9 d 6 7 1 ~ J."5/086l3 In the embodiment of Figures 11, the p~ al ends of the tethers 290 are attached to a metal strap 292 which is itself ~ 'hr~d the shaft of the g~id~,~. l,.7 260. In the present embot~ the tethers are not attached to the core wire 265 itself.
~ Instead, the tethers are attached to the coil 266 of the guide~.~. The tethers may be 5 attached to the coil by any suitable means, such as by means of laser spot welding, 5~' ~en~ or brazing. The tetbers 290 may be attached to the coil 266 at virtually an - spot along the length of the coil. As ill~lC~t~ in these dla.. ~gs, for example, the ~ethers may be attached to the coil adjacent the coil's distal end. IIv~ r, if so desired the tethers may be attached to the coil at a location space more p,uA---.ally 10 from tbe basket 270.
An external catheter such as tbat referred to in the !liccYsC~ of Figures llA, but not shown in those dla-.i~,s, is illustrated in Figures 12A and 12B. Oncc the basket 270 is deployed in a patient's vessd to substantially reacb the expanded conl;G. ~ shown in Figure 12B and the baslcet has performed its intended l~ ;nn 15 function, the external catheter C can be urged distally toward the basket 270. As this catheter is urged forward, the tethers will tend to be drawn into the distal end of tbe catheter, which is ..-~J~ ly n~lu..er than the p~,.,..al lip 286 of the basket. This will tend to draw the tethers down toward the guidewire and help close the basket, as ,d above Figures 13-15 ;~ t~,-'~ yet another ~ n~ ive e---h~li~- Pnt of a va~.~lar trap in ~ceol~nce with the present illve.llion. This vascular trap 300 includes a basket 320 eceived over a EUi~ ilG 310. In most re~pects, the basket 320 is directly analogous to the basket 270 illus~ated in Figurcs 11-12. The basket 320 includes a ~ ;---ql band 322 and a distal band 324. As in the e---bQ-l;--~ent of Figures 12A and 12B, the distal band may be attached to the guid~ IG ' 5 .~ its distal end. ~ so desired,though, a SllUelul~ such as is shown in Figures 11, wherein the g~,:d~.. u~ extends distally beyond the basket, could instead be used.
As best seen in its c~llar~ state (shown in Figure 12A), the basket in~tl~es a distal Segln~~nt 32~ and a pluA-,l,al segmPnt 326, with the distal end of the distal 30 segment being ~ to the distal band 324 and the l"u~l~al end of the pno~
segment being ~ ct P~ to the p-u~ihllal band 322. When the basket 320 is in it e~ n-led co~r~ ;on (shown in Figure 12B~, the p~xi.l,al se~ -" 326 is received WO96/01591 2 ' 9 4 6 7 1 ~ V9S/08613 within the distal se~ t 325, ~ f~ g a pn,~i,l,al lip 328 at the plu~l edge of the device. The wall of the basket thus fonDed also includes a cavity 329 for ~ ,~g solids c-~ ;1 in a fluid, such as emboli in a patient's blood st~un.
The basket 320 of Figures 13-15 is also shaped a little bit diffe~ently than theS basket 270 of the P1G~;UUS dl~wi~,s. The ~ diffc.~nv-v between these two baskets is that the baskd 320 is a little bit shorter along its axis that is the basket 270.
Tbis different basl~et shape is simply ;-~t~d~d to illustrate that the basket of a vascular trap in acculJ~ce witb the invention can have any of a wide ~iety of shapes and no p~lic.il~ s;~ nce should be attached to the slightly ~1:tf ~ shapes shown in the10 various drawings.
In the ~lar t~s 250 and 250' of Figures 11 and 12, rcs~v.~vl~, tethers were used to draw down thc proximal end of the basket 270 to close the basket for ~e~ion. In the ~ A shown in Figurcs 13-15, though, the trap 300 includes a basket cover 340 pOS tj~ proximally of the baske~ 320. The baske~ co~rcr may also 15 be fonned of a metallic tubular braid and is also adapted to be c~lkFsed to lay geneIally aloog the outer surface of the guidewire 310. The cover 340 is not directly affixed to the 6~ide~ v at any point, tbough, but is iostead intended to be slidable along the g..id~ ..iuc. As best seen in Figures 13 and 14 wherein the cover is in its collapsed state, the cover 340 includes a distal L~polul~ 342 and a l,lu~al control 20 h~tul~c 344, with the distal h~rvh~e being attached to the distal end of the cover 340 and the p.u~ual contrl h~lul~ 344 being attached to the proximal end of the cover.
The cover 340 is shown in its ~-r~ .rr~d configuration iD Figure 15.
As shown iD that figure, the cover has a similar ~uet~ .~; to that of the basket 320, but 25 is oriented to be open distally rather that proximally, as is thc basket. As best seen in Figures 13 and 14 wherein the cover is iD its c~ d state, the cover has a dis~l s~Pnt 352 and a p,v~,.al seg~nPnt 354. When the cover is ~ oycd by uIging it distally out of the distal end of the d~lJlu~,u.~ .lt catheter C, the cover 340 will tend to r~cili~ntly return to its e-p~ ~ded co~ u-~tion and the distal b~l,otul~c 342 will slide 30 axially pluAullally along the ~ ;d~.. ~ toward the plu~n,al coDtrl h~Jotu~e 344.
This will invert the collapsed cover so that the distal section 352 is generally .
within the plv~dl section 3541 dPfining a distal lip 358 of the cover.
sc/olssl Pc~n sss~086l3 . . .
Thc ~/IUX.UJIal control h~p~J~be 344 may extcnd along a su~ntiql polbon of the length o~ thc ca~helcr 310 so tha~ it extends oul of thc pa~ent's body when thc devicc 300 is in placc. By gTasping the con~l h~l c and moving it relali~c to the guidewirc 310, an U~ [~l Carl control tbe posilion of thc cover 340 with respect to S the baskel 320, which is affLsed ~o the guidewires. As r~r]~in~i m more detail below io con~lrr~ vvith the usc of thc device 300, once the basket has been deploye~ and bas beeo used to fltcr objec~s cn~ined in the fluid k.g. cmboli ~ lood), the cover 340 may bc deployed and thc trap may be drawn ~.u~l.~lly toward thc co~er by moving the guidewirc pro~ally ~ith rcspecl to thc cont~DI hypo~bc 344.
I~ lhc inncr diqm~tPr of the disral lip 358 of thc cover is desLably slightiy lar~cr than the outer ~liqm~r~ o~ the proximal lip 328 of the basket.. Hence, whesl tbe baske is drawn pro~cimally towa~d the cover i~ will be ~ r~..ti lly ~nclns~A thercin. Thc co~rcr will therefore teDd lo trap any cmboli (DOl shown) or other particulate ~a~ter J~ within the cavity 330 of the baskct, A rctricval sheath S may then be urged 15 distally IO engage the outer surface of ~he covcr 340. ~his will tcnd to causc thc covcr IC coll~pse abo~t ~he basket, Tightly e~ in~ the outcr surfacc of the baskct. 'rhi5 some~hat collapsed structure can then be withdrawn from the patient's channel and removed from the patient's body. By ~nrlos;ng the baskct witl~in the: covcr, theli~r!ih~od of any filtcred debris within ~he basket being lost as ~e basket is ~etl;~ve~
20 will be subsr~nt;~ly t~limin~T~?
ThE guidewire and the metal fabric can be of any ~i~mP~r suitable for the intenri~ d ~r~lir:~rion of the vascular trap 250, 2~0~ or 300. ln ~ r~ nt, (Ct;~. 0 3~ f~ t ~r~!
the guidewire is hetween aboul 0.014"1and about 0.038'lin di~mPIrr and ~c wires of the metal fabric used to form the basket (and Ihe coYer 340, if a cover is inrJnd~
(n~,~ o o~ o.lS"~
~L~ I about 0.002';/and about 0.006'j! ll~c lh;. ~.. ,c~ of thc mctal bands (272, 274 or 322, 324) also is desirably in the ~ gc of about 0.002"~0.006". ~q~ ~ 15 ,.. ~ .
In one particula~ly prefc~ed emb~l; .~n~ endcd IO be uscd in na~rowcr vessels such as those eb~u~Jrlte,~ in cercbIal and coronary ~ ti~ s~ the guidew 0 36 ~
has ~ outcr ~ me rr of a~out 0.014~an~ thc w~res of thc me~al fabnc a~e about 30 0.002"/in rli~m~r.r, ~e metal bands ~ this C~.~h~ ~ "t may aIso have a thir~fs~ Of L ~c,~ O ~ S~
about 0.002"lso that they will not be sllhst~ ially ~iter than ~he c~llaps~A bas~ct.
~hen lhe device is co!l~psed for deploymen~ through a cath~, it will have an outer PlD~ S'n' W096/01591 2 1 9 4 6 7 1 ~ u~s/u8~
( f~ { ~) 4 ~
ti~m~lrr of abou~ 0.01 ,8~permitti~ the device ~o bc used ui~h r~th~rc and otheru-~hu-u~ atap~ed for use with a 0.018n/~ c.
figure 16 i~ tr~t~5 one cmbG~ of a molding el~ nt 370 which may be uscd in mal~ng a baskct 270. ~lthou~h the basket 320 and cover 340 of the t~ap 300 S alC 5hpcd somewhat dirr,,.~- tly, an a~alogotls ~nnlrlin~ dcment caD bc used for these por~ons of the trap 300 as well by simply modiry.ng some of the ~ .P.~ .c of theInoldirl~ clunent 370, but ,ct~i~g the basic shape and stme~rc of tbe mol~lin~
rl~nl It also should be und~ ,,od t~at the ~ ng elcsnent 370 is merely one pn, " ~ moldin~ clcmcnt for fo~ing a shape such as that of the basket 270 and thdt 0 ~ny one of a valiety of different ~oll ~g el~mcntc will be dp~ t to thosc skilled h ~he art, as noted above in co~n~tion with Figures lOA-C.
Illc molding clemcnt 370 has an outer mol~ section 37~ d f.~ a anved inr~cr surface 374 and an inner ~n~ing scction 376 havin~ an outer surra~:~ 378 S~ r~t;~lly thc sme shape as the curved inner surfacc 374 of the outer m~lin~
15 scction. The inner moldjn~e section 376 should be sized ~o be reccived ~ithin the outer "~ol~ se~ion, with a picce of thc m~tal fabric (noL ~hown) being ~ ~sed bcl-.~n the inner and outer molding sections. In a p~ftl~cd emb~l;...~..t the inner surface 374 of ~he outcr mc1~i~g element and thc outer surface 378 of thc ~Mer m~lrling section cach include a ~ cess (375 and 379, r~ cLi~ely) for receiving an cnd of the 20 b~aid. Ihc mo~ n~ surface of this molding elemcn~ 370, to which thc fabric will ~cnc~lly co.lful.l., can be considnred to include both the inner surface 374 of the oulcr Troldin~ secuon and the outer surface 378 of thc inner mold~ng section.
In use, the two molding sec~ions 37~, 376 are s~aced apart frorn one anothcr and a length of a tubular braid of me~a~ fabric (not shown in Fi~ 16) is ~ ose~
25 between these molding sec~ions. Optimally, one end of the fabnc is placed in the reccss 37S of the outer moldin~ se tion and the othcr end of the fabric i5 placcd ~n the reccss 379 ~n tbe inncr molding scaion. The lm1~r ;md outer rns~ nz se~ionc can then be ur~ed gcnerally loward one another. As the ends of thc wire a~l Iu~Lh one another, the tubular braid ~ill tend to invcrt upnn itse~ and a surfac~ of the tubul~r 30 b~ud will genera~ly confo~m to cithcr th~ ~nner suIface 374 of thc outer molding section or the outer surface 378 of the Lnner molding section, arriving at a shape analogous lo that of the basket 270 of the Iraps 250, 250'. The two molding sections ~,t,!,, '!~ 5' ", 1 W096l01~91 2 1 9~ 6 7 ~ 5~ 3 can them be locked in place with respect to one another and the metal fabdc may be heat treated to set the wires in this deformed cc~ ~f;6.-~ation.
The method in aceol.lance ~ith the present iu~ ti~n further includes a method ~ of treating a physiological c~ lU~ of a patient. In aceold~ce with ~is method, a S medical device suit~ble for treating the condition, which may be substantially in accordance with one of the embodiments outlined above, is sr-lPr~ For e~cample, if a patent ductus a~ic,~.-s is to be treated, the PDA ~~ o-~ device 80 of Figures 6A-6C can be ~ec~ Once the appr~priate medical device is S~Pl~P~, a catheter may d within a channel in patient's body to plaoe the distal end of the catheter 10 adjacent the desired treatment site, sucb as immediately adjacent (or even within) the shunt of the PDA.
1U~ devices made in accordancc with thc method of thc ,~ ltion outlined above have a preset e-p~ l configuration and a collapsed co~l~a-ation which allows thc dcvice to be passed through a catheter. The . ~ d~ c~ n is gcncrally 15 defined by the shape of the medical fabric when it is d~ù~uled to generally c~llrull~l to thc molding surface of the molding element. Heat treating the metal fabric substantially sets the shapes of the wire strands in the ,~o.h.ll~d relative po;~i~;n(~.c when the fabric confu UIS to the mol~1tt~g wrface. When the metal fabric is thenremoved from ~e molding el~Pnt the fabdc may def~ne a medical device in its 20 preset e-~ ded co-.r.gl~-r~
The medical device can be cs'l~rsal into its c~ rse,d c4--r~; --.-1ion and inserted into the lumen of the catheter. The coll~sed c~ ~lg -- of the device may be of any shape witable for easy passage through the lumen of a catheter and proper d~ployul~.Jl out the distal end of the catheter. Por example, the devices shown in 25 Figures S may have a relatively elongated collapsed confiL- - . t ;n~ wherein t~e devices are stretched along their axes. This collapsed co- ~ ;on can be ~ch;. ~c~ simply by t~ lling the device generally along its axis, e.g. by manually g.~-~;~ the clamps }5 and pulling them apart, which will tend to collap~ the expanded d~ r pO~
of the dwice 60 u~..~dly toward the device's axis. The PDA occlusion device 80 of 30 Figures 6 also opel-~t,s in much the same fashion and can be collapsed into its ~ cnllqrs~d configuration for insertion into the catheter by applying tension generally WOg6t01591 2 ~ 94 6 7 ~ U~ 108613 - . - 38 -along the axis of the device. In this regard, these devices 60 and 80 are not unlL~ce ~Chinese ~ ", which tend to ~-~ict in ~ - t~ under axial tension.
Once the medical device is coll~sed and inserted iDto the catheter, it may be urged along the lumen of the catheter toward the distal end of the catheter. This may S be accomplished by using a guidewire or the like to abut against the device and urge it along the catheter. When the device begins to exit the distal end of the catheter, which is po- ;';~ Y ~.1 the desired ~ P-~l site, it will tend to ~ ehUD
substan~ally entirely to its preset e-}"- -d~ ~ configuration. ~ ';c alloys, such as nitinol, are particularly useful iD this application because of their ability to readily 10 retum to a p~ul~r configuration after being elq~ir~lly dcformed to a great c~ctent.
Hcnce, simply urging the medical device out of the distal end of the catheter tend to p~u~,l~ deploy thc device at thc trcatment site.
Although the device will tend to re-~:l;ently return to its initial expanded configuTation (i.e. its shape prior to being collapsed for passage thn)ugh the catheter), 15 it should be ~ tood that it may not always return entirely to that shape. Forexample, the device 60 of Pigure 5 is intended to have a maximum outer diameter in its expanded conf~ n at least as large as and pl~,f~ bly larger than, the inner of the lumen in which it is to be ~ ~Ic~d. If such a device is deployed in a vessd having a small lumen, the lumen will prevent the device from completely 20 ,eh"" e to its expanded config~ ion ~o~ hPl~J~, the device would be p,o~ly deployed because it would engage the inner wall of the lumen to se~t the device therein, as detailed above.
If the device is to be used to permanently occlude a channel in the patient's body, such as the devices 60 and 80 d~ ~ above may be, one can sirnply retract 25 the catheter and remove it from the patient's body. This will leave the medical device deployed in the patient's vascular system so that it may occlude the blood vessel or other channel in the padent's body. In some c"~ n~s, the medical device may be hed to a delivery system in such a manner as to secure the device to the end of the delive~y means, such as when the Ih~ded clamp 90 shown in Figures 6 and 9 are 30 attached to a distal end of the delivery means, as explained above. Before ,~mo~lng the catheter in sucb a system, it may be ~SSa~ to detach the medical device fromthe delivery means before l~..JO~ g the catheter and the deUvery means.
Wo96/OlSgl 2 ! 9 4 6 7 1 ~ ~l3 lhe devices of Figures ll-lS may be deployed in much the same fashion ortlined above. }Iv~.e~_l, these devices 250, 250' and 300 are advant~ui,ly di~lu~ed for usc in c~ n~ur~ction with another medical device and will most fi~u..ltly ~ be let~act~d from the patient's body after use.
S For example, any one of these devices are suitable for use in C~ljv~ n with a ~ balloon a~L;~l~C'~ procedure. In such pluc~ules~ catheters having ir~latable balloons at their ends, referrcd to as balloon c ~~h.,~ are ~ rd within a blood vessd so that the balloon is positioned within a stenosis. These b~ nc arc p~ ~ A by the balloon catbeter along a jguidewire or the like; the balloons typically havea central bore therethrough. Once the balloon is }~ v~.ly posidoned, it is ir~ated and urges radially uul-.~dly against the sterns;C This will tend to sques~e the stenosis against the walls of the vessel, improving patency of the vessel.
When the stenosis is treated in this fashion, though, there is a risk that some debris will break free and enter the blood flowing through the vessel. ~ left ~r rllc~Lr~ this c---~ , can drift doanst~ll and e-~-bol; F- a distal portion of the vessel. D~l~t;t\~ on where the emboll~c comes to rest, the embolization can ~sult in - c;~ ,-;r.-~ tissue or organ damage. This risk is particularly acute in cardiac and co,ona,~ A~li~ ns because the embolization can result in a ~ ~dial ~ liOll or heart attack, and in neuro~lar and inter~ t;onal ,~ o~ q-l p.~d~ s the em~nli7~ti-~n can lead to a stroke or damage to brain tissue.
In order to prevent, or at least ~ lly limit, such ernbolization, a vascular trap 250, 250' or 300 of the ~ tion can be used with the balloon catheter. The device should be si_ed to permit it to be passed through the lumen of the ~Lcular balloon catheter to be used in the angioplasty.
In one e ~ of a method for using such a vascular trap, the trap is deployed first. The basket (270 or 320) of the trap will be guided to a position located dov~n~ll~ll of the desired l,catllle- I site through an i~-tl~_L ~r catheter (e.g. the catheter C in Figures 12-15). The basket is then urged distally beyond the end of the catheter, which will permit the basket to resiliently sl~l,s~ ly return to its expanded con~ ;ol from its co~ sc~ confi~uldion within the cathcter. Once the trap is in place, the balloon catheter can be e~chqnge~ for the il~ll~h - lion catheter, and the balloon catheter can track the g-lid~ (260 or 310) of the vascular trap. The WO9610159~ 2 1 94 6 7 1 ~ ,086,3 balloon can then be po-:~;n~-~Fd within the stenosis and expanded, as outlined above.
Once the ~ ,iopl-cly has been completed, the balloon Qn be deflated again and withdrawn p.u~,ally out of the padent.
In an sl;~ h~e ~ Pnt of the present method, ~e balloon catheter can bc S used to per~orm the same r.~ O-, as ~.ru~ cd by the ~ catheter in the p-. c~A;-~e embo~ ' In this c~ thc balloon cathetcr is ~os~ n~ in thc patient's vessel so that the distal end of thc balloon catheter is located downstream of the stenosis. The vascular trap ~250, 250' or 300) of the invcntion is then passed through the lumen of the balloon catheter and the basket is u~ed out of the distal end 10 of the catheter. The basket will resiliently substan~ally retum to its pl~f~,.l~d e~anded conr~g~ , whereupon the balloon catheter can be l~t~a~ t~,d along the shaft of the device's guidewire until the balloon is pn~ po~ n~;l within the stenosis.
If so desired, thc balloon cathcter can instead be provided with a length of 15 standard cathcter c ~ h --~ distally beyond thc distal end of the balloon. The ba31oon can then be po~it;o~d within the stenosis and the basket can bc urged out of the distal end of the distal extension of the catheter. In such an c~ 1 the length of ~e distal e~ of the catheter should be sufficient to plU~ I~ position the baskd with respect to the balloon when the basket exits the distal end of the catheter. This will 20 c~ the need to perform the S~ r step of ~ e Ihe balloon into position within the stenosis after the basket is deployed. The balloon can then be expanded, deflated and wilhJIa~. n as d~ s ~il ~ above.
Much the same ~.vc~l~ , can be used to deplûy a vascular trap of the i..~"tio,-for use in an ~lhe.~tu~ U~lUlc~ In such plOI~hl-G;., a cutting head is po~ d 25 at the distal end of an el ~ , hollow shaft and the cutting head has a bore ~ ~~ n~
therethrough. The trap can be d~41OJ~d in either of thc ...~ outlined above, but it is anl;~ ,p~l~ that in most ;- C~ res the first p~ced~--e will be used, i.e. the basket will be d~loycd with an i Jt~ ,cl;o~ catheter, which will be l~ lO~ so that the cutting device can be guided over the g~ id~,~. i~ of the vascular trap. It should also be ~ Ac ~ od that the device 250, 250' and 300 could also be used in other medical pl~c-~h~ in other bodily ch~nn~lc besides a patient's vascular system.
WO96101591 2 ' 9 4 6 7 1 ~ ~86,3 Since the trap is pos;ti~nP~ dGw.,;,h~n of the stenosis, any debris released during the p .)c~l~ will tend to driR distally toward the basket and be caught therein.
In order to prevent any emboli from simply floating past the trap, it is ~ ,f~lvd that the ~u~al lip (288 or 328) of the baskd be at least as large as the lumen of theS vessel. In a p,~fe.~ t the nahl~al dimension of the p,u~..al lip (i.e.where the baslcet has fully returned to its ~ sd c~rb.-~ n) is somewhat greater than the vessel's inner ~ ,h- so that the basket will finnly engage the waD of the vessel.
The method of ~ .e the basket wiD d~pend on which ernbodiment of the 10 ~ul~ trap is used, namely whether or not the device ;~ -dcs a cover 340. The devicc 250 or 250' of Figures 11 or 12, ~,~L-rely, do not include such a cover.
T'~ ", they do include tethcrs 290 which extcnd ~Iu~-~ally from thc plo~l lip 288 of the basket to an attachment to the g~id~ ~.D~. In either of these e.llbo~ , a al catheter can be introduce~d over the ~de.. ~ and urged distally toward the 15 ba~cet. As e~ d above in con~ with Figures 11 and 12, this wiD tcnd to draw the tethers down toward the 6..id~,~."e, e~r~ti~_ly closing the p~.~al end of the basket 270. Onoe the basket is ~--rr.~ y closed, such as when the p--~-,al lip of the basket engages the distal tip of the retrieval catheter, the ca~eter and the vascular tral) can be retracted to~,~lher from the patient's body. By sJb~ y 20 closing the p~UAUllal end of the basket in such a fashion, any emboli which are captured in the baskd when it is deployed can be retained within the basket until it is removed from the patient's body.
If so desi~d, a balloon catheter or like device can instead be used, with the balloon catheter being used to draw down tbe tethers 290 and collapse the basket. The 25 vascular trap can ~hen be .. i Lhdl~ l with the balloon catheter rather than having to f~lg ult~,.h,ce a removal catheter to remove the trap.
In ~.hL~a~i~ the e ~ od;-~ u2~ ~ed in Figures 13-15, the cover 340 is ned over the pno~lal lip of the basket before the vascular trap 300 is ,~ A
Once the medical ~I~Ju.c; is completed and any debris has been captured in the 30 basket, the cover 340 is allowed to resiliently s.,b~ t~ y return to its ~ d coni-~6ulaliol~ Once it is deployed pl~ ~ually of the basket, the basket 320 can be WO~OlS91 2 1 ~ ~ 6 7 1 ~ 3 drawn proximally toward the cover 340 undl it engages or is received within the cover, as noted above in connection with Figure 15.
In actuality, the cover 340 may be unable to return to its full expanded c~ r,;.--~ due to the confines of the vcssel in which it is d~lo,_d. As c~ ;n~
S prcvious1y, the cover 340 is dcDI~.-bl~ largcr than the basket 320 so that the basket can be reccived within the cover. However, the basket is opti~lly sized to engage the walls of the vesscl to prevent the un~vanted passage of emboli or other debris ar~und the edges of the basket. Ac~~ , the distal lip 358 of the cover will engage the wall of the channel before it expands to its full size. The walls of most bodily10 ch -- Fk> such as blood vessels, tend to be so,ekd elastic, though. The cover 340 will therefore tend to urge harder against the wall of the vessel than the smaller basket and may stletch the vessel a little bit more than will the basket. In this fashion, the cover may still be able to expand to a ~ on large enough to pe~mit the basket tobe ,~iv.,d in the cavity 356 of the cover. If not, the distal lip 358 of the cover can simply be brought into close e~a gf -~t with the lJlW~i~Ual lip 328 of the basket to generally seal the basket.
Once the cover 340 is brought into C-~ gf-~ with the basket 320, whether by ih~g the baske~ within the cover or, less p~fc.~l~, by e~ E; ~e the lips 358, 328 of the cover and the basket, the device can be ~ . n plu~illlally f~m the paticnt's vaswlar system. The cover will tend to prcvent any emboli caught in the basket during depl~.",lc.lt from being inadvertently lost during ~ hdl,,~al.
The v~s~;ular traps 250, 250' and 300 of the present i..~ iull th~fu,c have distinct adv~lt~es over other vascular traps or filters c u~.ltly hrûwn in tbe art. As ;n~ above, most prior art traps are difficult and t ,.~n~ to form and cannot be 25 readily CQll~sP~ for retrieval. The present in-ellLioll, though, provides a method for making the vascular traps 250, 250' and 300 which is both l~ldti~ re and less labor intensive, generally resulting in a more c ~ nt product than prior art hand-forming ~ h~s. I~.,llh~,ll,.ore, the stlucture of the device and the methods outlined above for removing the device will fairly reliably prevent the inadvertent 30 dumping of trapped cmboli back into the bloodstream while the device is beinglemoved. Since most prior art traps and filters are much morc difficult to usc and are W 96101591 r(,~ ,35~'C~613 ~ 21 94671 more likely to dump filtered debris back into the bloo~ , the present ~r~,.Lon can be s~b~ y safer than thcse pnor art systems.
While a plefe..~d e-~ho~l; nent of the present i"~c.lLon has been ~sc~ d, it should be undcr~tood that various c~q~es, ad. ptations and mod~lc~tions may be made S therein without ~p~ L;ne from thc spirit o~ the invention and the scope of the appcnded claims.
Claims (20)
1. A trap for trapping particulate material entrained in a fluid within a channel of a patient's body, comprising a guidewire having a distal end and a basket carried by the guidewire adjacent said distal end; the basket being adapted to strain the particulate material from fluid passing therethrough and comprising a metal fabric having first and second ends, at least one end of the fabric being adapted to slide along the guidewire;
the metal fabric having a collapsed configuration wherein the first and second ends are spaced from one another a first distance along the guidewire and the metal fabric has a first diameter, and an expanded configuration wherein the first and second ends are spaced a second, shorter distance along the guidewire and the metal fabric has asecond diameter, the first diameter being less than the second diameter.
the metal fabric having a collapsed configuration wherein the first and second ends are spaced from one another a first distance along the guidewire and the metal fabric has a first diameter, and an expanded configuration wherein the first and second ends are spaced a second, shorter distance along the guidewire and the metal fabric has asecond diameter, the first diameter being less than the second diameter.
2. A trap for trapping particulate material entrained in a fluid within a channel of a patient's body, comprising a guidewire having a distal segment and a metal fabric, the metal fabric having a first end carried by the distal segment and a second end slidable along the guidewire, the metal fabric being disposed adjacent the outer surface of the guidewire when the second end is spaced proximally of the first end and extending generally outwardly of the guidewire when the second end is slid nearer the first end to define a particle-trapping screen.
3. The trap of claim 2 wherein the first end is affixed to the guidewire.
4. The trap of claim 2 wherein the metal fabric is resilient and the second end will resiliently slide toward the first end to define the particle trapping screen when the fabric is not constrained.
5. The trap of claim 2 wherein a first length of the metal fabric extending proximally from the first end defines a distal surface of the screen and a second length of the metal fabric extending distally from the second end of the fabric defines a proximal surface of the screen.
6. The trap of claim 5 wherein the screen is generally dome-shaped and the second length of the fabric is received within the first length of the fabric.
7. The trap of claim 5 wherein a central portion of the metal fabric defines a proximally-facing lip of the screen.
8. The trap of claim 2 further comprising a tether extending from said screen to the guidewire, the tether being attached at one end to the guidewire.
9. The trap of claim 8 wherein the screen has a periphery, the tether comprising a wire attached at each end to the guidewire and extending about the periphery of the screen such that when the tether is drawn inwardly toward the guidewire it will act as a drawstring to collapse the periphery of the screen toward the
10. The trap of claim 2 further comprising a cover formed of a metal fabric, the cover being slidable along the guidewire from a first position spaced proximally of the screen toward a second position adjacent the screen.
11. The trap of claim 10 wherein the cover has two ends, the cover being adjacent the outer surface of the guidewire when one end is spaced proximally of the other end and extending generally outwardly of the guidewire to a diameter at least as great as an outer diameter of the screen when one end of the cover is slid nearer the other end.
12. The trap of claim 10 wherein the screen is generally dome-shaped and includes a proximally-facing lip, the cover in an expanded configuration defining recess sized to receive the lip of the screen.
13. The trap of claim 12 wherein the screen has an outer diameter and the cover has an inner diameter greater than the outer diameter of the screen.
14. A method of trapping particulate material entrained in a fluid within a channel of a patient's body, comprising:
a) providing a metal fabric having a collapsed configuration wherein it has a first diameter and an expanded configuration wherein it has a second, greater diameter and defines a proximally-facing particle-receiving cavity;
b) collapsing the metal fabric into its collapsed configuration and urging the metal fabric along said channel to a deployment site;
c) permitting the metal fabric to resiliently substantially return to its expanded configuration;
d) allowing the fluid to flow through the metal fabric to trap a portion of the material in the cavity;
e) at least partially closing the metal fabric to retain the trapped particulatematerial is retained within a closed cavity; and f) retracting the metal fabric along the channel with the particulate material retained within the collapsed cavity.
a) providing a metal fabric having a collapsed configuration wherein it has a first diameter and an expanded configuration wherein it has a second, greater diameter and defines a proximally-facing particle-receiving cavity;
b) collapsing the metal fabric into its collapsed configuration and urging the metal fabric along said channel to a deployment site;
c) permitting the metal fabric to resiliently substantially return to its expanded configuration;
d) allowing the fluid to flow through the metal fabric to trap a portion of the material in the cavity;
e) at least partially closing the metal fabric to retain the trapped particulatematerial is retained within a closed cavity; and f) retracting the metal fabric along the channel with the particulate material retained within the collapsed cavity.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the metal fabric in its collapsed configuration is urged along a catheter positioned within a lumen of the channel.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the fabric is allowed to substantially return to its expanded configuration by urging the fabric beyond the distal end of the catheter.
17. The method of claim 14 wherein the metal fabric is closed by urging a cover into engagement with a distal portion of the metal fabric to retain particulate material within the cavity.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein the cover has an expanded configuration, further comprising the steps of collapsing the cover, urging the cover along the channel to a position spaced proximally of the metal fabric, and allowing the cover to resiliently substantially return to its expanded configuration prior to urging the cover into engagement with the metal fabric.
19. The method of claim 14 wherein the metal fabric is carried by a guidewire and at least one tether extends from a proximally-facing lip of the fabric proximally to the guidewire, wherein the metal fabric is closed by urging the tether down toward the to draw the lip of the metal fabric toward the metal the guidewire.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein the tether is urged toward the guidewire by urging a sheath distally along the guidewire toward the metal fabric, the sheath having an lumen smaller than the lip of the metal fabric.
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US27242594A | 1994-07-08 | 1994-07-08 | |
US08/272,425 | 1994-07-08 |
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CA2194671A1 true CA2194671A1 (en) | 1996-01-25 |
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Family Applications (1)
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CA002194671A Abandoned CA2194671A1 (en) | 1994-07-08 | 1995-07-10 | Method of forming medical devices; intravascular occlusion devices |
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EP (5) | EP1695673A3 (en) |
JP (2) | JPH10504738A (en) |
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DE (2) | DE69529338T3 (en) |
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- 1995-07-10 ES ES95925591T patent/ES2185707T5/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-10 EP EP06076215A patent/EP1695673A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1995-07-10 EP EP95925591A patent/EP0769926B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1995-07-10 WO PCT/US1995/008613 patent/WO1996001591A1/en active IP Right Grant
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1996
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2002
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2003
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2004
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2005
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2007
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2011
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