CA1225897A - Method and apparatus for surgically removing remote deposits - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for surgically removing remote deposits

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Publication number
CA1225897A
CA1225897A CA000471349A CA471349A CA1225897A CA 1225897 A CA1225897 A CA 1225897A CA 000471349 A CA000471349 A CA 000471349A CA 471349 A CA471349 A CA 471349A CA 1225897 A CA1225897 A CA 1225897A
Authority
CA
Canada
Prior art keywords
catheter
fluid
passageway
restriction
end portion
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
CA000471349A
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Kenneth R. Kensey
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Intravascular Surgical Instruments Inc
Original Assignee
Intravascular Surgical Instruments Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US06/567,506 external-priority patent/US4589412A/en
Application filed by Intravascular Surgical Instruments Inc filed Critical Intravascular Surgical Instruments Inc
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CA1225897A publication Critical patent/CA1225897A/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/32Surgical cutting instruments
    • A61B17/3205Excision instruments
    • A61B17/3207Atherectomy devices working by cutting or abrading; Similar devices specially adapted for non-vascular obstructions
    • A61B17/320758Atherectomy devices working by cutting or abrading; Similar devices specially adapted for non-vascular obstructions with a rotating cutting instrument, e.g. motor driven
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/22Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
    • A61B17/22031Gripping instruments, e.g. forceps, for removing or smashing calculi
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/32Surgical cutting instruments
    • A61B17/320016Endoscopic cutting instruments, e.g. arthroscopes, resectoscopes
    • A61B17/32002Endoscopic cutting instruments, e.g. arthroscopes, resectoscopes with continuously rotating, oscillating or reciprocating cutting instruments
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/00535Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets pneumatically or hydraulically operated
    • A61B2017/00553Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets pneumatically or hydraulically operated using a turbine
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M25/00Catheters; Hollow probes
    • A61M25/10Balloon catheters
    • A61M2025/1043Balloon catheters with special features or adapted for special applications
    • A61M2025/1097Balloon catheters with special features or adapted for special applications with perfusion means for enabling blood circulation only while the balloon is in an inflated state, e.g. temporary by-pass within balloon

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
Procedures and devices for opening restrictions, e.g., occlusions, in passageways, e.g., arteries, of living beings. The device basically comprises and elongated, flexible recanalization Catheter arranged to be threaded through the passageway to the site of the restriction. The catheter includes a working head which is adapted to be moved, e g., rotated, by turbine drive while the head is advanced into the restriction to effect its opening. Blocking means are provided for use with the catheter to preclude any debris produced during the restriction opening procedure from flowing distally down the passageway. Profusion means are also provided to provide oxygenated fluid, drugs, contrast media or dyes into the passageway. One embodiment of the recanalization catheter is a combination device having different diameter sections for introduction into a large passageway within the body while the working head is located within a small remotely located passageway.

Description

~2~'25~3~7 SPECIFI~ATION
One of the ma jor causes of death in the United States is heart disease produced by atheroselerosis. In atherosclerosis, a plaque forms in the arteries which may involve only a segmental portion of the artery or can illV0].Ve its entire circumference.
This plaque is a "putty-like" or rock-hard material which, if allowed to accumulate, can complete:Ly~ occlude the artery. Also, the plaque can become dislodg~ed~from '~he artery wall and thereby serve as an embolus, or pieces of i~ may break off and emboli ze.
:, If complete blockage occurs, and tlhe individual survives, sometimes sma~ new vessels recanal:L1ze the~area, but the abllity of these snall vessels to supply any appreciable volume of~bloo~

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beyond the area of blockage is doubtful.
Coronary atherosclerotic narrowing or occlusion has been corrected in recent years most fres~uently by revasculari~ation of the myocardium. This bypass surgery has become one of the most common surgical procedures performed in the United States. How-ever, the exorbitant cost of myocardial bypass and the associated one to two week morbidity associated with such procedure has led to a procedure termed angioplasty in which an inflatable "balloon"
at the end of a catheter is introduced at a selec~ed point in the vascular system and passed into the coronary artery to the site of the occlusion and the plaque compressed hy inflating the balloon.
Angioplasty, however, is limited in scope of its use because of the variability and the texture of the atherosclerotic pla~ues and in the inherent limitations of the balloon itself. Moreover, angioplasty is not viewed as a permanent treatment and can result in complications such as artery blow-out, distal emboli spasm, etc.
Development of laser technology for treatment of athero-sclerotic plaques is now being conducted, but such a technique, ~0 even i~ successfully developed, has significant limita~ions.
In a population where average age continues to increase, with a corresponding increase in atheroscle-rotic heart disease, there is an urgent need for an inexpensive, efficient, safe and effective means for the treatment of atherosclerosis. This urgent need is dictated by the fact that approximately one-fourth of those with atherosclerotic heart disease have as a first symptom sudden death, and each year in the United States alone a million people are diagnosed as having atherosclerotic heart disease.
Moreover, a relatively small percentage of those affected with atherosclerotic heart disease are treatable surgically, and there ~L~f~

is no indication that there will ever be developed any effective, preventative, pharmacologic treatment of atherosclerotic heart disease.
There is, therefore, a definite and almost urgent need for any technique or device that could produce percutaneous transluminal elimination of atherosclerotic plaques.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly it is a general object of the instant inven-tion to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art by providing apparatus and methods for mechanically opening a restriction in a passageway, e.g., artery, of a living being.
It is a further object of this invention to provide apparatus and methods for efficiently opening a restriction in a passageway in a living being without damage to such passageway.
It is still a further object of this invention to provide apparatus and methods for mechanically opening a restriction in a passageway in a living being while preventing any material or ~ebris produced during said procedure from flowing distally of said restriction.
It is still a furthèr object of this invention to provide apparatus and methods for mechanically opening a restriction in a passageway in a living being while enabling fluids to profuse distal tissues during said procedure.
It is still a further ob~ect of this invention to provide apparatus and methods for mechanicalIy opening a restriction in a small passageway of a living being utilizing a catheter introduced into a larger passageway remote from the site of the restriction.
These and other objects of this invention are achieved by providing a method and apparatus for opening a restriction, e.g., an occlusion, formed of a material (either hard, soft or a .

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combinations thereof) inside o~ al passageway, e.g., an artery, of a living being. The apparatus and method of this invention effect a dynamic form of intravascular angioplasty in that the opening is created dynamically by use of a moving working head either cutting and removing the material forming the restriction or by mechnical-ly beating or otherwise agitating or disturbing the material to form the opening.
In accordance with one aspect of -the invention the appli-cation comprises a flexible recanalization cathe~er having a distal portion at which a movable working head is located. The working head is fluid~driven to cause it to move (e.g., rotate) with respect to the material making up the restriction. The catheter with the moving working head is advanced into the material to open the restriction.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention the working head comprises a cut-ting head, which is preferably rotaryO
In accordance with stil] another aspect of the invention positive pressure is provided to the passageway adjacent to the restriction to expedite the safe opening of the restriction with-~0 out damage to the passageway.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention afluid such as the working head driving fluid or some other fluid which may be oxygenated and/or contain a drug, and/or a contrast medium or dye is introduced into the passageway adjacent the restriction.
In accordance wi~h still a further aspect of the inven-tion means are provided to constrain a substantial portion of the fluid which drives the working means within the catheter to pre-clude the egress thereo into th~! passageway.

- - ~ - - ~ . . .

~2 ~ 7 In accordance with still a Eurther aspect of the inven-tion blocking means are provided for location distally of the restriction to preclude any material which may be removed during the restriction opening procedure from flowing through the passage-way distally of the blocking means.
In accordance with yet a further aspect of this invention a flexible recanalization catheter having two different diameter sections is used so that the smaller diameter section, which includes the working head, can be disposed within a small diameter passageway containing a restriction while the large diameter sec-tion is disposed within a larger ~iameter remotely located passage-way. The first section includes a proximal end portion, a distal end portion with the working means located thereat, and first drive means. The second section includes second drive means and having a distal end portion coupled to the proximal portion of the first catheter section to couple the first and second drive means together. The coupled drive means are adapted to move the working means with respect to the material while the working means is advanced into the material to open the restriction.
~0 Fig. 1 is an illustration of a portion of the human vascular system and showing one possible site for introduction of a recanalization catheter device of the invention;
Fig. 2 i5 a sectional view of an artery and showing the cutting tip and distal end of the catheter located at the site of an atherosclerotic deposit;
Fig. 2A is a sectional view taken on the line 2A-2A oE
Fig. 2 to show the ~luid passageway;
Fig. 3 is an end view of the cutting tip;
Fig. 4 is an end view of the device with the rotatable cutting tip removed;

., Fig. S is an axploded perspective view of the distal end ^f the catheter and of the cutting tip;
Fig, 6 is a sectional view similar to Fig. 2 but showing another embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 6A and 6B are sectional views taken on the lines 6A-6A and 6~-6B of Fig. 6 to show the fluid passageways;
Fig. 7 is an exploded perspective view of the device of the second embodiment;
Fig. 8 is a sectional view similar to Fig. ~ hut showing another embodiment of the recanalization catheter of the inven-tion;
Fig. 9 is a longitudinal sectional view partially broken away, showing the embodiment of the device of Fig. 8 and including me~ns for blocking the passageway distally of the catheter working head;
Fig. 10 is a longitudinal sectional view similar to that of Fig. 9 and showing the embodiment therein;
Fig. 11 is an enlarged sectional view taken along lin~
11-11 of Fig. 10;
Fig. 12 is a sectional view similar to that of Fig. 11 but showing an alternative embodiment of a portion of the device shown in Figs. 9 and 10, Fig. 13 is an exploded perspective view of a portion of the working head of the catheter shown in Figs. 8-10;
Fig. 14 ls illustration of a portion of the human vascu-lar system and showing the use of yat another alternative embodi-ment of the invention; and Fig. 15 is an enlarged front view of the distal end of the embodiment shown in Fig. 8.
In Fig. 1, there is shown a portion of the va8cular '; '' ~ ~ ~ ' ; ,;

~2~

system of the human body, illustrating one possible application for the method and device of the invention~ ~eferring to Fig. 1, the device of the invention, which is indicated generally by the reference numeral 10, is a flexible recanalization catheter that is introduced into the femoral artery 12 at a point in the groin of the patient remote from the site of a blockage that has been determined to exist in a coronary artery, for example. The device l~ is then passed via the aorta 14 into the heart 16 and into the desired coronary artery to the site of the blockage.
In Fig. 2, there is illustrated a coronary artery 18 which contains a restriction, e.g., partial occlusion or blockage due to a deposit of atherosclerotic plaque 20. Fig. 2 shows the distal end of the device 10 at the site of the blockage caused by the plaque 20. The device 10 consists of a multiple-walled, flexible catheter that has an outer wall 22, and a first inner wall 24 that provides an outer passageway 26 extending throughout the length of the catheter. In addition, the device 10 has an inner tube 28 spaced from the inner wall 24 that provides a relatively large annular passayeway 30. Tube 28 also defines a return passayeway 32.
The outer passageway 26 terminates in a thin, flexible, annular member 34 the distal end of which is sealed. Thus, fluid pressure introduced into the outer passageway 26 at the proximal end of the device 10 will cause the flexible member 34 to expand or "balloon" throughout its entire circumference. The purpose of this balloon will be described hereinafter.
At the distal end of the device, there is affixed a rigid ~`
head 36 which has an inner tube, 38 the diameter of which corres-ponds to the diameter of tube 28. An annular passageway 40 is :.

... . - -thus formed in head 36, which passageway 40 is in direct communica-tion with the passageway 30 when the head is affixed to the distal end of the device as shown in Fig. 2. Inner tube 38 also provides a passagaway 39 that communicates with return passageway 32 of the catheter. The head 36 is affixed to the distal end of the cath-eter in any suitable manner so as to provide a fluid tight seal.
Head 36 also has a front wall 42 from which extends a hollow shaft 44 that contains passageway 46 extending through the front wall 42 and connects with annular passageway 40 via angular passageway 48.
Front wall 42 of head 36 is relatively thick as shown in Fig. 2, and has formed in it a plurality of passageways 50. As best seen in Fig. 3, each passageway 50 terminates in the outside ~ace of front wall 42 in an oval-shaped opening 52 and in the corresponding opening 54 in the inside face of wall 42, which openings 52 and 54 are offset circumferentially for purpose that will be evident from the description of the rotating cutting head hereinafter. Passageways 50 provide communication from the annular passageway 4~ through the front wall 42. In addition, ~ front wall 42 also contains on opposite sides of the shaft 44 somewllat kidney-shaped passageways 56 which provide communication through front wall 42 to the return passageway 39.
Mounted for rotation on shaft 44 is a rotating cutting head indicated generally by the reference numeral 58. Cutting head 58 has a main body portion 60 joined to the tubular portion 62 that`engages the shaft 44. The rotating cutting head 58 is retained on the shaft 44 by use of a thrust washer 64 and wire 66 passing through holes in the outer end of shaft 44. A bonnet 68 is then by a press fit slipped over the end of the shaft 44 so as to prèsent a smooth uninterrupted surface on the end of the _ g ~

~2~ '7 device.
The rotating cutting head 58 has a pair of cuttiny blades 70 extending radially outwardly in opposite directions rom the tubular portion 62. The cutting surface 72 of these blades con-verges from the front surface of the main body 60 to the outer end o~ the tubular portion 62 as best seen in Fig. 5.
The main body 60 of the rotating cutting head 58 also contains a plurality of outer passageways 74 in which are formed angular turbine blades 76. The outer passageways 74 correspond to the spacing of the openings 52 in the head 36, and because of the angularity of passageways 50 fluid flowing through passageways 50 will strike the angular turbine blades 76 so as to impart rotating motion to the cutting head 58.
The cutting head 58 also contains a plurality of angled holes 78 which are angled relative to wall 42. These angled holes 78 capture fluid in an axial pumping fashion and dischàrge the fluid into passageways 56 in head 36.
The general operation and use of the apparatus of the invention will now be described. After insertion of the apparatus at the appropriate selected site, such as into the femoral artery 12 (Fig. 1), the apparatus is then passed via the aorta 14 into the coronary artery 18 until it reaches the partial occlusion or blockage Eormed by the deposit of atherosclerotic plaque 20.
Introduction of tlle apparatus can be aided by a fluoroscope, and the contrast medium can be introduced through the passageway 30. :.
Positive controlled pressure i5 then applied through the passageway 30 of the catheter which pressure will cause rotation of the cutting head 58 by application of the pressure to the angular turbine blades 76. Simultaneously, the angled holes 78 will induce return flow to the proximal end of the device, acting , .

like an axial flow pump. This flow will pass through kidney ports 56. If necessary, negative pressure can be applied at the prox-imal end. The return flow will serve to aspirate the particles of plaque being cut away by the rotating cutting head 58, and the pressure differential created by application of positive pressure through the annular passageway 30 will also serve to pull the plaque 20 into a cutting position in the path of the cutting blades 70. During the cutting procedure, positive pressure intro-duced through the annular passageway 30 will not only serve to drive the rotating cutting head 58, but the fluid infused through this passageway can be oxygenated to eliminate distal ischemia during the procedure. Also, if desired, nitrates, contrast media or any other drugs can be added to the fluid as needed during the procedure. The entire procedure is preferably performed under fluoroscopic control so that the surgeon can determine when the blockage has been completely cut away. Of course, once the blockage has been completely removed to the satisfaction of the surgeon, the apparatus is withdrawn.
Although the apparatus and method of the invention provides minimal risk compared to angioplasty and bypass surgery, it ls always possible that an artery wall weakened by disease or containing a congenital defect can break resulting in internal hemorrhage. If this occurs, the flexible member 34 can be inflated through passageway 26 to prevent blood loss until an appropriate surgical procedure can be conducted to co~rect the ;
break in the arterial wall.
The design o~ the apparatus of the invention is such that the rigid head 3~ and the rotating cutting head 58 are the only rigid portions of the apparatus and these do not interfere with easy passage of the instrument through a tortuous artery. The ~ . , design of the distal end of the device, and the design of the rotating cutting head alleviates the need for a guiding catheter and may even per~it blind application of the device through a tortuous plaque infested artery.
In Figs. 6 and 7, there are illustrated another embodi-ment of the invention in which the innermost passageway o~ the catheter is used ~or the application of the positive pressure and the exterior annular passageway is used as the return passageway.
In this other embodiment, parts corresponding to those of the first embodiment will be referred to by the same reference numeral of the first embodiment but followed by the letter "a". Thus, the catheter has an outer wall 22a and a fir.st inner wall 24a that provides an annular passageway 26a extending throughout the length of the catheter. In addition, the device has an inner tube 28a spaced from the inner wall 24a to define a large annular passage-way 30a that in this second embodiment is the return passageway.
Tube 28a also defines a center passageway 32a. The outer passage-way 26a terminates in a thin, flexible annular member 34a the distal end of which is sealed.
~0 At the distal end of the catheter, there is afixed a rigid head 36a which has an inner tube 38a providing a passageway 40a that is in direct communication with the passageway 32a. ~ead 36a has a front wall 42a which contains a plurality oE circular passageways 50a that exit the fact of front wall 42a at an angle to the surface. The passageways 50a communicate with the return passageway 40a. Front wall 42a of head 36a also contain a plurality of inner passageways 56a. These passageways 56a are in compound angular relationship to the ax1s of head 36a/ having a radially outward direction and a vortex direction. Fluid passing from passageway 39a exits from 56a in a manner such as to impart a `

spinning action to the fluid and to head 58a. See Figs. 6 and 7.
A rotating cutting head 58a is mounted on the shaft 44a of head 36a, and has a main body 60a and a tubular portion 62a. A
pair of cutting blades 70a diver~e rearwardly from the tubular portion 62a. The main body 60a is of a smaller diameter than the diametral position of the passageways 50a so that the passageways 5~a communicate directly to the exterior of the device. Because o~ the angularity of the passageways 56a, positive fluid pressure discharged from these passageways will impinge on the plurality of angled turbine blades 76a causing the cutting head 58a to rotate.
Similar to the first embodiment, the rotatin~ cutting head 58a is held in place on shaft 44a by means of a retaining ring and thrust washer 64a, a retaining wire 66a and a bonnet 68a.
As previously indicated, the apparatus of the second embodiment is used in the same manner as described for the first embodiment. However in this second embodiment, positive fluid pressure is applied through the inner passageway 32a of -the catheter which positive pressure serves to drive the rotating cutting head 58a, while return is made through the outer annular passageway 30a. Also, the apparatus of the second embodiment, especially the rotating cutting head 58a, should be simpler and less expensive to manufacture.
Obviously, the particular size and shape of the compon-ents of the apparatus as well as the size of the catheter itself will vary according to the application and use of the device.
Preferably, the size of the catheter should be kept close to the size of the internal diameter of the artery or other wall in which it is to be inserted in order to assure co-axial movement of the rotating cutting head and limit the amount of the lateral movement of the cutting blades so as to avoid direct contact of them with .:

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the arterial wall. Co-axial movement of the apparatus is also aided by the positive pressure applied through the catheter which should aid in directing the rotating cutting head to the center of the artery~
The design of the device is quite unique in that positive fluid pressure can be used to power the device, and the driving fluid can be used to infuse necessary or desirable drugs during the procedure. Also, the driving fluid can be oxygenated to pro-fuse the distal myocardium thus eliminating time pressure on the 1~ surgeon and reducing the likelihood of any technical error. Also, for example, streptokinase can be infused if thrombosis should form in the artery. Nitrates can also be infused for vasodileta-tion, and calcium blockers may be used to prevent arterial spasm.
In contrast to the angioplasty procedure, there is no pressure applied to the arterial walls, thus eliminating many of the ccm-plications associated with angioplasty such as blowout, emboli, intimal tearing, etcO
The application of positive and negative pressure neces-sary during the procedure can be easily accomplished and control-led through known procedures since the triple lumen catheter concept is presently in use in other applications and can be easily adapted when the method and apparatus of the invention is used.
In Fig. 8 there is illustrated a coronary artery 18 which contains a partial occulsion or restriction 20 formed by the deposit of atherosclerotic plaque or some other material(s), such as waxy and/or calcified atheroma, thickened and/or ulcerated intima, etc. In that figure the distal end of an alternative embodiment oE the recanalization catheter device constructed in accordance with the invention is shown. That device is denoted by the reference numeral 1~0 and is shown located at the site of a restriction caused by plaque 20 or some other material(s). Like the catheters described heretoEore the device 100 basically comprises a flexible catheter that has an outer wall or lumen 102 and a first inner wall or lumen 104. Between lumens 102 and 104 there is defined a relatively large annular outer passage 106 extending throughout substantially the entire length of the catheter; that is from the distal end portion shown in ~ig. 8 to the proximal end portion (not shown). The passage 106 serves to carry a fluid to a manifold assembly 110, to be described later located at the distal end of the catheter and on which is mounted a movable working head 109, e.g., a rotary (also to be described later). The fluid provided to the manifold serves to effect the rotation of a turbine bladed, working head-mounting portion of the manifold to be described later. The fluid returns from the manifold assembly through the passage 108 forming the interior of lumen 104 through a location adjacent the proximal end of the catheter.
As can be seen clearly in Fig. 8, the manifold assembly 2n llO is located within fluid constraining means (to be described in detail later) at the distal end of the catheter. The manifold assembly is shown clearly in Fig. 8 and 13 and basically comprises a stationary body member 112 and a rotary turbine head 114. The turbine head 114 serves as the mount for the working head or cutter. The body member 112 is a generally cylindrical element which includes an elongated annular wall 116 extendin~ longitudin-ally in the distal direction. The wall 116 is arranged for connection to the catheter's inner lumen 104 to receive fluid flowing therethrough~ To that end the free end 118 of the inner ~0 lumen 104 is snu~gly fit and secured within the interior of the 5~

annular wall 116 so that the interior space 120 of the annular wall 116 is in fluid communication with the passageway 108 in the lumen. The distal end of the stationery body member 112 includes a front wall portion 122 from which the annular 116 projects. A
pair of diametrically opposed kidney-shaped fluid return ports 124 are provided in the front wall. Each of the ports extends at an acute angle to the longitudina] central axis 123 of the catheter and terminates in communication with the interior 120 of member 112. Thus, each return port is in fluid communication with the return passageway 108 in the catheter's inner lumen.
As shown clearly in Fig. 13 the annular wall 116 includes a thickened peripheral wall portion 126 contiguous with the distal end of member 112 and in which are located plural peripherally dis-posed, fluid-supply slots 128. Each supply slot includes an elongated enlarged entrance 130 which terminates in a narrow jet slot 132. Each jet slot is disposed at an acute angle to the longitudinal axis of the device and terminates at the front face 134 of the member 112. An elongated cylindrical post bearing 136 projects distally from the center of the front face of the member ~n 112 so that the kidney shaped fluid return ports 124 extend sub-Stantially about the post bearing. A central opening 138 extends completely through the bearing 136 and is in communication with the hollow interior 120 of the stationary member.
The turbine head 114 is a generally cylindrical member having an elongated cylindrical shaft portion 140 which serves as the mount for the working head 109. The shaft 140 includes a central bore 141 extending completely therethrough and through which the post bearing of the stationary member 112 extends. The proximal end of the turbine head 114 includes a plurality of turbine blades 142 extending o~utward radially from a hub-like "

central section 144. Each blade is slightly curved in the longi-tudinal direction. The central hub portion 144 of the turbine head includes a plurality of angled curved passageways 146 formed between plural, equadistantly spaced, outwardly projecting, sharp-ly angled arcuate walls 148 (See Fig. 13). These passages serve as fluid return inducers. When the turbine head 114 is mounted on the post bearing of the stationary member 112 the inducer passages 146 of the turbine head are disposed opposite to the stationary kidney shaped return ports 124 while the turbine blades are dis-posed opposite to the jet slots 132.
The manifold assembly 110 is secured in place on thedistal end of the catheter via the use of the heretofore identi-fied fluid constraining means 111. That means basically comprises a shroud 150. The shroud's main purpose is to constrain the substantial portion of the turbine driving fluid within the cathe-ter (for reasons to be described later). Basically the shroud is in the form of a tubular sleeve having a cylindrical sidewall 152, the proximal end 154 of which is internally threaded for securement to corresponding threads 156 on the distal end of the ~0 catheter's outer lumen 102. The stationery member 112 of the manifold assembly is located within the shroud 150 so that the peripheral surEace of the wall portions 126 (Fig. 13) of ~hat member located between adjacent supply slots is in a tight, press-fitting engagement with the interior surface of the shroud to secure the member therein. As can be seen in Fig. 8 the front end of the shroud is in the form of a planar endwall 157 having a central opening 158 through which the free end of the working head-mounting shaft 140 extends. A disk-like thrust annuIus 159 ex-tends radially outward from the tool mounting shaft 140 at an intermedia-te point therealong and engages the interior of the .~ . . .

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shroud's front wall contiguous with its central opening 158. The front wall of the shroud also includes a plurality of small outlet ports 160 whose function will also be described later.
Disposed on the free end of the shaft 140 is the working head 109, in this case rotary cutter 162. The cutter 162 con-stitutes one embodiment of my joint invention with another inven-tor in a rotary cutter for use in intravascular surgery and which is the subject of a patent application to be filed later. The specific cutter shown herein constitu~es a dual-bladed embodiment oE that joint invention.
As can be seen in Figs. 8 and 15 the cutter 162 basically comprises a solid bodied element whose outer distal periphery is in the form of a pair of convex sections 164 and 166 which are slightly laterally offset from each other along a divider line 168. The intersection of the convex surface 170 of each section with a planar surface 172 contiguous with a divider line 168 forms an arcuate cutting edge or blade 172. In accordance with the teachings of my aforementioned joint invention the cutter may be made up of any number of sections, thereby forming a device having 2n any number of arcuate blades, with each blade preferably including at least one portion having a negative or ~ero degree rake. In the embodiment shown herein each blade is at a negative rake angle of 10.
The cutter 162 also includes a central hole 175 extending therethrough. The hole 175 includes an enlarged bore 176 which extends into the body of the cutter from the proximal face there-of. The shaft 140 of the turbine member 112 is disposed within the bore 176 to mount the cutter thereon.
The catheter 100 is arranged to be guided to its opera-tive position within the artery 18 by the use of an elongated .

auidewire 180. This action is accomplished by inserting the guide-wire 180 at the appropriate selected site in the body, ~uch as into the femoral artery 12 (Fig. 1). The guidewire is then passed via the aorta 14 into the coronary artery to the location of the partial occulsion or blockage 20. Introduction of the guidewire can be aided by a floroscope, and a contrast medium can also be introduced into the artery. The catheter 1~0 is then threaded down the guidewire 180, via the opening 175 in the cutter, the opening 141 in the maniEold assembly, and the hollow interior oE
inner lumen 104, to a position wherein the cutter 162 is located immediately adjacent the proximal end of the restriction 20~
Fluid then is introduced into the passage 106 by means (not shown) from a point adjacent the proximal end thereof The fluid flows down the passage 106 in the direction of the arrows and is controlled by means (not shown) so that controlled positive pressure is applied to the manifold assembly. In particular ~he fluid flows into the supply slots 128 between the outer surface of tube portion 116 and the inner surace of the shroud's sidewall.
The fluid then accelerates through the communicating jet slots and ~0 exits those slots as plural jet streams, each extending at an acute angle to the longitudinal axis 123 of the catheter. These angularly directed jet streams impinge the turbine blades 142 disposed immediately adjacent thereto to impart rotary motion to the turbine head 114 and hence to the cutter 162 mounted thereon.
~ bsent the fluid constraining function provided by the shroud 150 the amount of fluid flow required to provide sufficient power for effectively driving the working head may be too much for some distally located tissues to absorb. Thus, the shroud 150 serves to constrain or contain most of the driving fluid within the catheter. However, a small portion of the driving fluid does 5B~

exit the distal end of the catheter throuyh the shroud's openings 160. The fluid exiting these openings flows into the interface between the cutter 162 and the front wall of the shroud. This action has the advantageous effect of providing positi~e pressure to the wall of the artery, thereby causing the artery wall to move slightly outward radially, that is away from the device so that damage to the artery walls by the cutter does not occur.~ In addition the flow of fluid outward through the interface of the eatheter and shroud also precludes fine fiberous tissue of the artery from gaining ingress into the interface where it could snag or spool up. Moreover, the rotating cutter blades impart momentum to the exiting ~luid, which action applies further positive pressure to the artery walls, thereby further decreasing the chances of tissue-snagging.
With the bulk of the fluid constrained l~ithin the cathe-ter the angled orientation of the return inducer passages 146 act like an axial flow pump to induce a reverse flow of the fluid back toward the proximal end of the catheter. In particular the fluid 1OWS from the inducer passages 145 into the immediately adjacent ~ kidney shaped return ports 124 and from there into the chamber 120 and finally into the return flow passage 108 in the inner lumen 1~4.
~s can be seen by the arrows in Fig~ 8 some fluid also flows out of the distal end of the device via the aligned central openings 141 and 175. This fluid can be used to profuse down-stream (distal) tissue. Thus, like the embodiment shown and described with reference to Figs. 1-7, the fluid used to power the catheter 100 may be oxygenated, may include drugs or medicinesj or contrast media, or combinations thereof for introduction into the artery via the openings 160 and 175.

~2~5~'7 The restriction opening process i5 carried out by advanc-ing the catheter as its cutter rotates into the material making up the restric-tion so that the rotating cutter blades engage that material. In some instances, e.g., hard or calcified deposits, the opening is created by the rotating cutter actually cutting away or emulsifying particles of the material(s) making up the restriction. In other instances, e.g., waxy or sof-t deposits, the material(s) of the restriction may merely be mechanically agita-ted, beaten or otherwise disturbed by the blades of the rotating cutter, whereupon an opening is created by the movement of the material(s) without it actually being cut up or removed from the restriction. In either case an opening permitting the freer flow of blood through the restriction results.
As can be seen in Fig. 8 the radial distance to the cutting edge 174 of each blade immediately adjacent to the proxi-mal end of the cutter when measured from the longitudinal central a~is 123 is slightly longer than the radial distance from that axis to the outside surface of the sidewall 154 of the shroud.
This feature insures that a slight space is created between the ~0 inner surface of the artery wall and the entrance to the interface between the cutter and the end of the shroud, ayain in the inter-est detering any snagging or spooling action of the fiberous tissue of the artery wall within the interface.
As a further aid in profusing distally located tissue with either oxygenated fluid, drugs, contrast media or dyes the guidewire 180 may be replaced by a flexible hollow guide tube (not shown) for directly carrying such fluids distally of the cutting head.
In Fig. 9 there is shown yet another embodiment of the recanalization catheter in this invention. In the embodiment , :

i7 shown therein the catheter 100 described heretofore is used in combination with means 200 for blocking the artery 18 distally of the restriction to preclude any particles, e.g., emboli, o the restriction removed during the restriction opening process from flowing distally. Thus, the embodiment of Fig. 9 is of particular utility for surgical applications involving the removal of heavy atherosclerotic deposits in an artery that is sensitive to the escape of emboli downstream of the restrictionO One such application is the opening of restrictions in carotid arteries.
As can be seen in Fig. 9 the blocking means 200 basically comprises a multi-lumen tube 202 and a balloon 204. The tube 202 extends through the length of the catheter 100, that is through the catheter's inner lumen 104, the manifold assembly opening 1~1 and the cutter opening 175 and terminates in an end portion lying distally beyond the restriction 20. The balloon is mounted on that end portion of the tube and serves as an expandable passage-way blocking member. To that end the balloon is a hollow, inflat-able member havin~ a pair of openings 206 through which a distal portion of the multi-lumen tube 202 extends. The wall portion of ~0 the balloon contiguous with the periphery of each opening 206 is sealed at 208 to the periphery of the outer surface of the tube 202. The balloon is formed of a material and is configured in size so that when it is infla~ed by a fluid, in a manner to be described later, it completely e~pands to fill the artery 18, that is the periphery 210 of the balloon engages the inner surEace, e.g., intima, of the artery about the entire periphery o the artery and without stretching of the material forming the balloon.
Inflatation of the balloon is effected by means of inflation/
deflation ports 212 provided in an inflation passageway 214 in the multi-lumen tube. The ports 212 are in communication with the .

~2~

interior of the balloon and with the passageway 214. The passage-way 214 extends longitudinally down the length of the multi-lumen tube 202 from a point (not shown) adjacent the proximal end of the catheter to a point 216 just distally of the balloon, at which point the passageway 214 is sealed. Fluid is provided down the passageway 214 from a proximal location to effect the inflation of the balloon. Conversely the balloon is deflated by drawing the fluid from the balloon's interior out through passageway 214.
The multi-lumen tube 202 also includes a second passage-way extending throughout the length of tube 202. A tube 218 also of the length of tube 202 is disposed within this second passage-way and terminates at an open end 220 located distally of the balloon 204. The tube 218 serves as a passageway for the flow of a pro~usion fluid into the artery distally of the restriction as ~ell as a guide (similar to guidewire 180 described heretofore) to ~acilitate the placement of the catheter's working head just ~roximally o~ the restriction and with the balloon placed just distally thereof.
Operation of the recanalization catheter 100 and blocking means 200 described heretofore is as follows: The guide/profusion tube 218 is threaded through the artery to the site of the restric-tion, e.g., stenosis. The multi-lumen tube 202 with the balloon 204 at the distal end thereof is then threaded over the guide tube 218 until the balloon is just distally of the stenosis. Blood or oxygen saturated fluid is then passed through the tube 218 to 1Ow out the open end 220 thereof so as to pass distally into the artery. The balloon 204 i5 inflated, via the passage of fluid through the inflation passageway 214, until the periphery of the balloon engages the interior periphery of the artery distally of the restriction. The recanalizing catheter 100 is then passed over the multi-lumen tube 202 until its cutter 162 is located immediately adjacent the restriction on the proximal side thereof.
The turbine o~ the catheter is then driven by the introduction of fluid into the passageway 106 while the catheter is advanced into the restriction to effect the opening thereof. Any particles or emboli of the stenosis cut away or emulsified by the blades of the cutter are precluded from flowing distally of the restriction by the expanded balloon. Once the restriction has been opened the recanalizing catheter 1~0 is removed, with the blocking means left in place and it~ balloon 204 still expanded. Debris created by the restriction opening process can then be aspirated by the introduction of a dual-lumen flushing/aspirating catheter (not shown) into the artery. This is accomplished by passing the flushing/aspirating catheter over the multi-lumen tube 202. The flushing/aspirating catheter can be of any construction so long as it includes one passageway for carrying a flushant under pressure to the site of the opened stenosis and a second passageway which can be placed under suction to aspirate that site. Once flushing and aspiration is completed the balloon 204 is deflated and the blocking means 200 is removed.
It must be pointed out at this juncture that the multi-lumen tube 202 be made to include another longitudinally extending passageway to serve as a flushant return line (aspiration line) thereby ob~iating the need for a dual lumen flushing/aspirating catheter. In Figs. 10 and ~1 there is shown blocking means 200 incorporating such a feature. In that embodiment the balloon 204 is mounted on an alternati~e multi-lumen tube 222. The multi-lumen tube 222 is clearly shown in Fig. ll, and includes a longitu-dinally extending passage 224 throughout its length and through which the guide/ profusion tube 218 e~tends. The multi-lumen tube ,,, .

B;~37 222 also includes the heretofore identified longitudinally extend-ing inflation/deflation passageway 214. Finally the tube 222 includes a longitudinally extending aspiration or suction retu~n passageway 226. The passageway 226 is closed at its end 228 but includes an access or entrance port 230 located just proximally of the location of the balloon 20~. The port 230 serves as the opening into which any emboli-bearing fluid passes for subsequent flow down the tube 226 to a proximal location for removal.
In Fig. 12 there is a sectional view similar to Fig. 11 ln but showing yet another alternative multi-lumen tube for the blocking means 200. This alternative embodiment not only contains the heretofore identified profusion/guide tube 218, the infla-tion/deflation passageway 214, and the aspiration passageway 226, but also contains a flushant carrying passageway 232. The Elush-ant passageway 232 is similar in construction ~o passageway 226 and thus includes an outlet port 234 open to the site of the restriction. The outlet port is located adjacent the inlet port 230. With the embodi~ent of Fig. 12 a flushant fluid can be provided down the length of the passage 232 and out through port 234 to flush away any emboli or particules created at the site of the restriction.
It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the fluid utilized to drive the catheter's turbine can also be used as the flushant inasmuch as a portion of the driv~ing 1uid does, in fact, gain egress from the interior of the catheter at the location of the cutting head, as described heretofore.
As should also be appreciated by those skilled in the art the recanalization catheters described heretofore have inherent limitations insofar as the physical size and radius of passage-ways, e.g., arteries, which can be negotiated to locate the ~5~

working head at ~he site oE a res~riction to be opened. Thus, in operatiny on restrictions located in very small artsries located a substantial distance from the point at which the recanalization catheter is to be introduced into an artery a turbine driven recanali2ation catheter may not be practical. In this regard, as is known hydraulic turbines do not scale down well, that is thay lose ef~iciency with decreasing size. Moreover due to the need to have two flow paths, that is one to the turbine and the other from the turbine, such catheters cannot be made too long since viscous fluid losses become severe in long catheters, On the other hand elongated flexible wire drives can be made of small diameter but long length without a substantial loss of efficiency. In this regard the co-inventor of the cutter described heretofore has made an invention in a rotary wire-driven intravascular recanalization catheter and which is also the subject of a patent application to be filed laterO That catheter includes a,rotary working head, like that described heretofore, and which is driven by an elon-gated rotating wire which extends from the working head the length o~ the catheter to a source of power located at the proximal end ~0 of the catheter. Bearing means are provided in the catheter to insure that the wire is kept centered and spins freely without going into critical whirl. Catheters constructed in accordance with that invention can be made very small in diameter and long in length in the interest of flexibilit,y yet can produce sufficient power at the working end to efficiently open a restriction in even very small remotely located passageways. While such rotary tool wire-drives can be made quite small in diameter, it is difficult to make such drives of large diameter Eor very high power trans-mission without a sacri-~ice in flexibility and ease oE placement in an artery, inasmuch as an increase in wire thickness neces-sarily results in a decrease in the radius of bend for the same amount of strain.
In view of the above factors and in accordance with another aspect of this inven-tion, in Fig. 13 there is shown a combination recanalization catheter 300 arranged to provide high power to a small diameter working head over a substan~ial distance fro~ a source of power. Thus ~he catheter 300 is arranged to be introduced into the body at the site of a large diameter passage-way, e.g., a femoral artery, and for extending through the body tothe site of a restriction in a small, remotely located artery, e.g., coronary artery. That catheter includes two, serially-connected, elongated sections, namely, a distal section 302 and a proximal section 304. The distal section 302 is a short, flexible member including a rotary working head, e.g., like the cutter 162 described heretofore, located at the distal end and which is driven by a rotating wire (not shown) extending down the length of the section within the interior thereof. The wire driven section 302 is of small diameter in the interest of negotiating small passageways, such as coronary arteries. The proximal end of the distal section 302 is connected to the distal end of proximal section 304 via a turbine coupling 310. The turbine coupling includes a turbine head (not shown) to which the wire drive is coupled. The proximal section 304 is arranged to transmit high power over a substantial distance to the distal section of the catheter. Thus the proximal section is a larger diameter, long catheter section which includes a first passage 306 extending therethrough for carrying a turbine driving fluid under pressure down the section to the turbine coupling to cause its rotation, and a second passageway 308 extending through the section for returning the turbine driving fluid back to the proximal end of the section. The combination recanalization catheter 300 shown in Fig. 14 also includes a passageway (not shown) through which a guide wire 180 extends to guide the catheter into position like that described heretofore.
While the catheter 300 has been described being made up of a wire drive section 302 and a turbine drive section 304, it should be clear that either section can be wire drive or turbine drive, depending upon the application.
Although the invention is described in connection with certain preferred embodiments and for the particular purpose of removing atherosclerotic plaque, it will, however, be evident to those skilled in the art that the method and apparatus of the invention has application for treatment of conditions other than atherosclerosis. Moreover, the described method and technique for the removal of atherosclerotic tissue is not limited to any partic-ular texture of tissue and is applicable to all atherosclerotic processes. It is fur~her contemplated that the method and apparatus of the invention will have applications outside of human medicine as well as many applications for treatment of many con ditions in the human body. Obviously, the specific size and design of the catheter and working head, e.g., cutting tip, and the specific design of the rotating cutting blades will depend upon the particular application of the invention.
Having thus described the invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various revisions and modifica-tions can be made to the preferred embodiments described herein without departing from the splrit and scope of the in~ention. It is my intention, however, that all such revisions and modifica-tions as are obvious to those skilled in the art will be included ~5~

within ths scope of the following claims., ~0 : ~: : : ~ ::

:
,

Claims (21)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. An apparatus for opening a restriction formed of material inside of a passageway within a living being, said apparatus comprising: a flexible catheter having a longitudinal axis and a distal portion including movable working means located at said distal portion, fluid delivery means for providing a fluid to said working means, means for rotating said work-ing means about said axis and with respect to said material while said working means is advanced into said material to open said restriction, and constraining means for constrain-ing a substantial portion of said fluid within said catheter to preclude the egress of said substantial portion of said fluid into the location of said restriction while enabling a minor portion of said fluid to gain ingress into said passage-way adjacent said working means.
2. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said minor portion of said fluid provides positive pressure to said passageway adjacent the location of said restriction.
3. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said working means comprises a rotary head and wherein said constraining means comprises a shroud mounted on said distal end portion of said catheter, with a portion of said rotary head extending outside said shroud.
4. The apparatus of Claim 3 wherein said shroud includes an opening permitting said minor portion of said fluid to flow therethrough to provide positive pressure to said passageway adjacent the location of said restriction.
5. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said catheter includes a passage extending therethrough for receipt of a guide wire to guide said catheter in place within said passageway.
6. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said working means comprises a rotary cutting means.
7. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said working means comprises cutting means and additionally comprising blocking means located distally of said cutting means for precluding material removed by said cutting means from flowing distally beyond the location of said deposit.
8. The apparatus of Claim 7 wherein said blocking means comprises inflatable means.
9. The apparatus of Claim 1 additionally comprising passage means carrying fluid distally of said catheter.
10. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said working means comprises cutting means and wherein said catheter also comprises means for carrying said removed material out of said passage-way.
11. An apparatus for opening a restriction formed of material inside of a passageway within a living being, said apparatus comprising: a flexible catheter having a longitudinal axis and a distal portion including movable working means located thereat, said movable working means including an end portion arranged to be rotated about said longitudinal axis by means located within said catheter, means for supplying a fluid directly to said rotatable end portion to rotate said end portion about said axis as said end portion is advanced into said material, said last mentioned means being arranged to cause said fluid to flow outward with respect to said axis all the while said working means is rotating to apply positive pressure to said passageway adjacent said working means to cause said passageway to move slightly outward radially with respect to said axis, whereupon said restriction is opened, said positive pressure also acting to prevent damage to the tissue making up said passageway as said restriction is opened.
12. An apparatus for opening a restriction formed of material inside a vessel within a living being, said vessel being formed of a tubular wall of tissue and having a longitudinal axis extending down its length, the inside diameter of said vessel being substantially smaller than its length, said apparatus comprising: an elongated catheter having a longitudinal axis and a distal portion including movable working means located thereat, said catheter being flexible to conform to the tortuosity of said vessel to enable said catheter to be readily slid down said vessel along the axis thereof to the position wherein said movable working means is located adjacent said restriction, said movable working means including an end portion arranged to be rotated about the longitudinal axis thereof by means located within said catheter, means for supplying a fluid through said catheter to said end portion as said end portion is rotated about said axis and advanced into said material, said last mentioned means being arranged to cause said fluid to flow outward with respect to said axis all the while said end portion is rotating to supply positive pressure to said vessel adjacent said end portion to cause said vessel to move slightly outward radially with respect to the axis thereof, whereupon said restriction is opened, said positive pressure also acting to prevent damage to the tissue making up said vessel as said restriction is opened.
13. The apparatus of Claim 12 additionally comprising block-ing means located distally of the location of said restriction.
14. The apparatus of Claim 13 wherein said blocking means is disposed on a distal end portion of another catheter located within said vessel.
15. The apparatus of Claim 14 wherein said blocking means is actuatable.
16. The apparatus of Claim 14 wherein said catheter includes a passage extending longitudinally therethrough and through which said other catheter passes.
17. The apparatus of Claim 12 wherein said catheter comprises a proximal portion and a first passage extending through said catheter from the proximal portion to the distal portion, said passage carrying a first fluid to said working means to cause the rotation thereof.
18. The apparatus of Claim 17 wherein said catheter also comprises a second passage for carrying said first fluid away from said working means back to the proximal portion of said catheter.
19. The apparatus of Claim 12 wherein said catheter includes first and second catheter sections, said first catheter section having drive means, a proximal end portion, and a distal end portion at which said working means is located, said second catheter section having drive means, a proximal end portion, and a distal end portion, said distal end portion of said second catheter section being coupled to the proximal portion of said first catheter section to couple the drive means of said first catheter section to the drive means of said second catheter section whereupon said coupled drive means effect the rotation of said working means, said first catheter section being of smaller outside diameter than said second catheter section.
20. The apparatus of Claim 19 wherein at least one portion of said coupled drive means comprises fluid pressure drive means.
21. The apparatus of Claim 20 wherein said second drive means comprises fluid pressure drive means.
CA000471349A 1984-01-03 1985-01-02 Method and apparatus for surgically removing remote deposits Expired CA1225897A (en)

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US567,506 1984-01-03
US06/567,506 US4589412A (en) 1984-01-03 1984-01-03 Method and apparatus for surgically removing remote deposits
US06/682,393 US4631052A (en) 1984-01-03 1984-12-17 Method and apparatus for surgically removing remote deposits
US06/682,393 1984-12-17

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US4631052A (en) 1986-12-23
EP0147192A3 (en) 1986-12-10
EP0147192A2 (en) 1985-07-03

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